Alien and native plant establishment in grassland communities is more strongly affected by disturbance than above‐ and below‐ground enemies
Alien and native plant establishment in grassland communities is more strongly affected by disturbance than above‐ and below‐ground enemies
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草原群落中的外来和本地植物的建立比地上和地下的敌人更容易受到干扰的影响
DOI：
10.1111/1365-2745.12601
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Dawson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Müller;Horstmeyer;Rönneburg;van Kleunen;Dawson
了解驱动植物物种常见性和稀有性的因素以及这些因素对于外来物种和本地物种是否有所不同是生态学中的关键问题。如果一个物种要在一个群落中变得普遍，那么传入的繁殖体必须首先能够建立。后者可以通过与当地植物的竞争、食草动物和土壤生物群的影响或这些因素的组合来决定。我们的目的是梳理这些因素在决定 10 种外来植物和 10 种德国常见或稀有植物（来自四个科）的草地群落成功建立方面所起的作用。在一项为期两年的多地点田间实验中，我们分别评估了在低干扰与高干扰（割草与割草和耕作上层土层）、抑制或不抑制病原体（施用生物杀灭剂）以及仅对幼苗而言减少或不减少食草动物（网笼）的所有因素组合下，种子和幼苗的定植成功率。在所有处理中，本地物种都比外来物种表现出更大的定植成功率，无论其常见性如何。此外，所有物种的建立成功都受到干扰的积极影响。外星人在使用杀菌剂的未受干扰的地点定居成功率较低。通过应用杀菌剂使未受干扰的居民社区免受病原体的侵害，这可能解释了外星人定居成功率较低的原因。这些发现对于从种子或幼苗建立的情况是一致的，尽管对于幼苗来说不太显着，这表明病原体在发芽后建立的非常早期阶段发挥着更重要的作用。草食动物排斥确实对幼苗建立的成功发挥了有限的作用。 综合：总而言之，我们发现受干扰较少的草原群落对物种的建立成功表现出强烈的生物抵抗力，无论是外来的还是本地的。然而，我们还发现证据表明，外来物种可能从土壤传播的敌害释放中获益较弱，但当本地物种也通过杀菌剂释放时，这种相对于本地物种的优势就消失了。因此，干扰是植物物种建立成功的主要驱动力，而病原体对外来植物建立的影响可能只发挥次要作用。
Understanding the factors that drive commonness and rarity of plant species and whether these factors differ for alien and native species are key questions in ecology. If a species is to become common in a community, incoming propagules must first be able to establish. The latter could be determined by competition with resident plants, the impacts of herbivores and soil biota, or a combination of these factors.We aimed to tease apart the roles that these factors play in determining establishment success in grassland communities of 10 alien and 10 native plant species that are either common or rare in Germany, and from four families. In a two‐year multisite field experiment, we assessed the establishment success of seeds and seedlings separately, under all factorial combinations of low vs. high disturbance (mowing vs mowing and tilling of the upper soil layer), suppression or not of pathogens (biocide application) and, for seedlings only, reduction or not of herbivores (net‐cages).Native species showed greater establishment success than alien species across all treatments, regardless of their commonness. Moreover, establishment success of all species was positively affected by disturbance. Aliens showed lower establishment success in undisturbed sites with biocide application. Release of the undisturbed resident community from pathogens by biocide application might explain this lower establishment success of aliens. These findings were consistent for establishment from either seeds or seedlings, although less significantly so for seedlings, suggesting a more important role of pathogens in very early stages of establishment after germination. Herbivore exclusion did play a limited role in seedling establishment success.Synthesis: In conclusion, we found that less disturbed grassland communities exhibited strong biotic resistance to establishment success of species, whether alien or native. However, we also found evidence that alien species may benefit weakly from soilborne enemy release, but that this advantage over native species is lost when the latter are also released by biocide application. Thus, disturbance was the major driver for plant species establishment success and effects of pathogens on alien plant establishment may only play a minor role.
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DOI：
--
发表时间：
2015-10
期刊：
--
影响因子：
--
作者：
Douglas M. Bates;M. Maechler;Ben Bolker;Steven C. Walker
通讯作者：
Douglas M. Bates;M. Maechler;Ben Bolker;Steven C. Walker
影响因子：
4.8
作者：
Parker, Ingrid M.;Gilbert, Gregory S.
通讯作者：
Gilbert, Gregory S.
干扰、竞争或资源限制是否是鳞叶螟入侵新西兰的原因？
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
I. Radford;K. Dickinson;J. Lord
通讯作者：
J. Lord
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
MacDonald, A. Andrew M.;Kotanen, Peter M.
通讯作者：
Kotanen, Peter M.
威胁状态和入侵成功是同一枚硬币的两个面
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
J. Jeschke;D. Strayer
通讯作者：
D. Strayer