THE GALACTIC POLITY: THE STRUCTURE OF TRADITIONAL KINGDOMS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA *
THE GALACTIC POLITY: THE STRUCTURE OF TRADITIONAL KINGDOMS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA *
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银河政权：东南亚传统王国的结构 *
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发表时间：
1977
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Tambiah
中科院分区：
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作者：
S. Tambiah
我创造了银河政体这个标签来代表传统的东南亚王国的设计，一种综合了宇宙、地形和政治经济特征的设计。标签本身源于曼陀罗的概念，根据印度藏族的共同传统，曼陀罗由两个元素组成-核心(Rnanda)和容器或封闭元素(La)。曼陀罗的设计，既有简单的，也有复杂的，围绕着一个中心排列的卫星，在印度教和佛教的思想和实践的不同层面上都是如此坚持，以至于我们被邀请去探索它们的代表性功效。因此，密宗印度教和佛教中的各种宇宙论计划被称为曼陀罗，例如，由海洋和山脉包围的中心的梅鲁山构成的宇宙。在哲学和教义的层面上，佛教的萨瓦斯维亚丁学派用卫星法则来表示意识(心)和它相关的精神现象(心)之间的关系(在卫星法则中，意识被10个心所包围，每个心又被4个心(卫星)包围)。6733像婆罗波度和吴哥增值税这样宏伟建筑纪念碑的设计和布置被称为曼陀罗。22.23在他的书中，完全不同的层面上，考提亚将曼陀罗作为一个地缘政治概念，从特定国王的角度来讨论友国和敌国的空间形态。~人体被比作曼陀罗。36这种描述在仪式和医疗实践中找到了共鸣。最后，曼陀罗图案被印在纺织品上，或者在无数次用粉末绘制的短暂图案中被复制。我们在这篇文章中的主要兴趣是传统的东南亚王国，它们被描述为在不同层面上的安排符合曼陀罗方案。但我们首先应该注意到，曼陀罗作为几何学、地形学、宇宙学和社会蓝图，不仅仅是复杂王国和政治的显著特征。证据非常清楚，简单的曼陀罗设计出现在实行刀耕火种农业的部族宗族社会中，而最精致的设计则体现在以山谷为基础的水稻种植者更为复杂的中央集权政策中(例如，见德容、《S》、《穆斯》、《海涅-格尔德恩》、《肖托》、《莫尔托诺》和《惠特利4》)。但这只是一种简化。在部落政治和当地社区一级，在这些两极之间的现象中确实存在着既简单又复杂的表达方式。东帝汶的阿托尼就是一个很好的例子。他们命名了父系后裔群体，他们住在村庄里，通过在山区转移农业种植玉米和水稻，同时属于王子。他们的村舍按照复杂的中心导向设计，内与外、右与左、4个主要母柱和12个外围鸡柱的概念，
I have coined the label galactic polity to represent the design of traditional Southeast Asian kingdoms, a design that coded in a composite way cosmological, topographical, and politico-economic features. The label itself is derived from the concept of mandala, which according to a common Indo-Tibetan tradition is composed of two elements-a core (rnanda) and a container or enclosing element (la). Mandala designs, both simple and complex of satellites arranged around a center, occur with such insistence at various levels of Hindu-Buddhist thought and practice that we are invited to probe their representational efficacy. Thus, cosmological schemes of various sorts in Tantric Hinduism and Buddhism have been referred to as mandala, e.g., the cosmos as constituted of Mount Meru in the center surrounded by oceans and mountain ranges. At a philosophical and doctrinal level, the Buddhist Sarvastivadin school represented the relation between consciousness (citta) and its associated mental phenomena (caitta) in terms of the law of satellites (wherein consciousness placed in the center is surrounded by 10 caitta, each of which again is surrounded by 4 laksanu (satellites)).6733 The design and arrangement of the magnificent architectural monuments like Borobodur and Angkor Vat have been called mandala.22.23 At quite a different level Kautilya in his .Arthashastra used mandala as a geopolitical concept to discuss the spatial configuration of friendly and enemy states from the perspective of a particular kingd~rn.~’ The human body is likened to a mandala,36 a description that finds its resonances in ritual and medical practices. Finally, mandala designs are imprinted on textiles or are reproduced in the transitory designs drawn with powdered colors on numerous occasions. Our primary interest in this paper is the traditional Southeast Asian kingdoms that are described as conforming to the mandala scheme in their arrangement at various levels. But we should first take note of the fact that the mandala as geometrical, topographical, cosmological, and societal blueprints are not a distinctive feature of complex kingdoms and polities only. The evidence is quite clear that simpler mandala designs appear in tribal lineage-based segmentary societies practising slash-and-bum agriculture, and that the most elaborate designs are manifest in the more complex centralized polities of valley-based sedentary rice cultivators (e.g., see de Jong,’ S ~ h r i e k e , ~ ~ Mus,” Heine-Geldern,” Shorto,’’ Moertono,” and Wheatley4‘). But this is a simplification. There are indeed expressions both simple and complex found in phenomena standing in-between these poles-at the level of tribal polities and local communities. An excellent case in point are the Atoni of Timor. They have named patrilineal descent groups, they live in villages, grow maize and rice by shifting agriculture on mountainous terrain, and at the same time belong to princedoms. Their village houses are made to a complex center-oriented design wherein concepts of inner and outer, right and left, 4 major mother posts, and 12 peripheral chicken posts,