Farmers’ perceptions on irrigation water contamination, health risks and risk management measures in prominent wastewater-irrigated vegetable farming sites of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Farmers’ perceptions on irrigation water contamination, health risks and risk management measures in prominent wastewater-irrigated vegetable farming sites of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴主要废水灌溉蔬菜种植点农民对灌溉水污染、健康风险和风险管理措施的看法
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
H. Gebrekidan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Desta Woldetsadik;P. Drechsel;B. Keraita;F. Itanna;H. Gebrekidan
在埃塞俄比亚的阿迪斯，使用废水生产粮食作物，特别是蔬菜非常普遍。这种做法可能对农场工人和消费者构成健康风险。因此，这项研究的目的是评估农民对灌溉水质，健康风险和健康风险缓解措施的看法，在阿迪斯的四个废水灌溉的城市蔬菜种植点。通过263次个人访谈和12次焦点小组讨论在农场收集数据。调查结果显示，尽管对健康风险的知识和意识水平存在差异，但农民似乎了解其灌溉水的污染情况。Kruskal-Wallis H检验分析的结果突出了对Akaki河/灌溉水质量考虑的感知差异，该结果显示男性农民对水质的积极感知显著高于女性农民（1.33）。有趣的是，男性和女性农民对食用未洗蔬菜问题的意识平均值也存在显著差异（p < 0.05），女性似乎更了解这些问题。而对蔬菜品质的知觉与认知的平均值则无显著差异。在感知的健康风险中，皮肤问题是最高的健康风险，而眼睛灼伤、脚痛和腹痛在四个农业基地中的评级较低。虽然在统计学上不显着，对消费相关的健康风险的看法与性别不同：女性分配相对较高的平均得分。无论耕作地点和性别差异，最接受的健康风险降低措施是健康促进计划和收获前停止灌溉。鉴于作物限制措施，女性分配显着（p = 0.044）低平均得分种植非粮食产品。Akaki-Addis农民对种植非粮食产品和非生食作物的适宜性看法显着（p < 0.001）高于其他农业地点。因此，有效的针对具体地点和性别的教育方案有可能澄清农民和消费者的风险和风险管理观念，并提高实际知识，这反过来又可能有助于确定采用的障碍、机会和激励措施。
The use of wastewater to produce food crops particularly vegetables is very prevalent in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. This practice may pose health risks to farm workers and consumers. Hence, the study was designed to evaluate farmers’ perceptions on irrigation water quality, health risks and health risk mitigation measures in four wastewater-irrigated urban vegetable farming sites in Addis Ababa. Data were collected on farm through 263 individual interviews and 12 focus group discussions. The findings showed that despite differences in levels of knowledge and awareness on health risks, farmers appear informed about the contamination of their irrigation water. The difference in perception to quality consideration of Akaki River/irrigation water is highlighted by the result of Kruskal–Wallis H test analysis which shows significant mean value (1.33) of positive perception toward the water quality by male than female farmers. Interestingly, significant difference (p < 0.05) in mean values of awareness toward problems of eating unwashed vegetables is also found between male and female farmers where females seemed to be more aware. Conversely, no significant difference was found in mean value of perception and awareness toward vegetables quality. Among the perceived health risks, skin problems were top-rated health risk while eye burn, sore feet and abdominal pains were rated low across the four farming sites. Although statistically not significant, perception toward consumption-related health risk differed with gender: females assigned relatively high mean score. Irrespective of the farming site and gender differences, the most accepted health risk reduction measures were health promotion programs and cessation of irrigation before harvesting. In view of crop restriction measures, females assigned significantly (p = 0.044) low mean score to planting non-food produce. Akaki-Addis farmers suitability perceptions of planting non-food produce and non-raw eaten crops were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than the other farming sites. Therefore, effective site and gender-specific educational programs have the potential for clarifying farmers and consumers’ risks and risk management perceptions and improving practical knowledge, which in turn may help identify adoption barriers, opportunities and incentives.