Differences In Life Expectancy Due To Race And Educational Differences Are Widening, And Many May Not Catch Up
Differences In Life Expectancy Due To Race And Educational Differences Are Widening, And Many May Not Catch Up
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DOI：
10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0746
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发表时间：
2012-08-01
期刊：
影响因子：
9.7
通讯作者：
Rowe, John
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Olshansky, S. Jay;Antonucci, Toni;Rowe, John
人们早就知道，尽管有充分证据表明大多数美国人的寿命有所延长，但种族之间、受过良好教育的人和受教育程度较低的人之间仍然存在令人担忧的差距。在本文中，我们更新了种族和教育对过去和现在预期寿命影响的估计，研究了1990年至2008年差距的趋势，并将观察到的差距置于快速老龄化社会的背景下，这种社会正出现在人们对下一次寿命革命持乐观态度的时期。我们发现，2008年，受教育程度低于12年的美国成年男女的预期寿命并不比20世纪50年代和60年代的所有成年人的预期寿命高多少。如果把种族和受教育程度结合起来，这种差距就更加明显了。2008年，受教育年限在16年及以上的美国白人男女的预期寿命远远高于受教育年限在12年以下的美国黑人——白人男性比黑人男性多14.2年，白人女性比黑人女性多10.3年。随着时间的推移，这些差距越来越大，就预期寿命而言，至少造成了两个“美国”，如果不是多个的话，这是由教育水平和种族群体成员划分的。给决策者的信息是明确的：对所有种族的人在青年、中年和老年阶段加强教育，以缩小今天仍然存在的健康和寿命方面的巨大差距。
It has long been known that despite well-documented improvements in longevity for most Americans, alarming disparities persist among racial groups and between the well-educated and those with less education. In this article we update estimates of the impact of race and education on past and present life expectancy, examine trends in disparities from 1990 through 2008, and place observed disparities in the context of a rapidly aging society that is emerging at a time of optimism about the next revolution in longevity. We found that in 2008 US adult men and women with fewer than twelve years of education had life expectancies not much better than those of all adults in the 1950s and 1960s. When race and education are combined, the disparity is even more striking. In 2008 white US men and women with 16 years or more of schooling had life expectancies far greater than black Americans with fewer than 12 years of education-14.2 years more for white men than black men, and 10.3 years more for white women than black women. These gaps have widened over time and have led to at least two "Americas," if not multiple others, in terms of life expectancy, demarcated by level of education and racial-group membership. The message for policy makers is clear: implement educational enhancements at young, middle, and older ages for people of all races, to reduce the large gap in health and longevity that persists today.