Developmental determinants of sensitivity and resistance to stress
Developmental determinants of sensitivity and resistance to stress
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DOI：
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.03.013
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发表时间：
2005-11-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Levine, S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Levine, S
本文的目的有二。首先，重新审视压力的定义问题，并强调当代定义的困难，其次，回顾早期经验对啮齿动物，亚人灵长类动物和人类的内分泌应激反应和行为的影响的文献。早期的经验，通常涉及一些操纵，导致母婴关系的中断，已被证明对压力的行为和内分泌反应有长期的影响。在啮齿类动物中，短暂的分离导致肾上腺对压力的反应减弱（皮质酮分泌减少）。相反，较长时间的分离导致夸张的反应和几个行为异常，即增加酒精消费，增加惊吓反应等，然而，灵长类动物的母婴关系中断的影响揭示了一种模式的行为障碍，但对内分泌反应的影响不大。短暂的母亲分离导致幼年松鼠猴皮质醇反应迟钝。人类早期经历的长期效应很难解释。不可能确定这些经历的长度和严重程度，以及这些经历是何时强加给儿童的。尽管有这些局限性，但人们普遍认为，不良的早期经历有助于成人精神病理学。(c)2005 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。
The purpose of this paper is two fold. First, to revisit the issue of the definition of stress and to highlight the difficulties with the contemporary definitions and, second, to review the literature on the influence of early experiences on the endocrine stress responses and behavior in rodents, sub-human primates and humans. Early experiences, usually involving some manipulation that results in disruption of the mother-infant relationship, have been shown to have tong-term influences on the behavioral and endocrine responses to stress. In the rodent, brief periods of separation result in an attenuated adrenal response to stress (reduced secretion of corticosterone). In contrast, longer periods of separation result in an exaggerated response and several behavioral anomalies i.e. increased alcohol consumption, increased startle response etc. However, the effects of disruptions of the mother-infant relationships in primates reveal a pattern of behavioral disturbance but little influence on the endocrine response. Brief maternal separations result in a blunted cortisol response in juvenile squirrel monkeys. The tong-term effects of early experiences in humans are very difficult to interpret. It is not possible to determine the length and severity of the experiences, and when in development the experiences were imposed on the child. Despite these limitations, there is a general consensus that adverse early experiences contribute to adult psychopathology. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. Alt rights reserved.