Midwifery and Racial Segregation in Occupied Western Poland, 1939–1945
Midwifery and Racial Segregation in Occupied Western Poland, 1939–1945
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波兰西部被占领地区的助产和种族隔离，1939 年至 1945 年
DOI：
10.1093/gerhis/ghx041
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
0.6
通讯作者：
Wiebke Lisner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wiebke Lisner
助产士在政府干预和怀孕、分娩和早期为人父母的传记转折点之间工作。1938年，随着每次分娩都强制要求助产士入伍，国家社会主义国家垄断了助产士的活动，加强了她们作为产科专家的地位。因此，在第二次世界大战期间，在纳粹占领的波兰西部实施日耳化生育政策时，助产士是不可或缺的。最近关于被占领波兰的研究指出，占领与种族政策、日耳化政策与种族灭绝之间存在密切联系。然而，只有少数作者考虑或分析了被占领波兰的日常生活和族裔群体之间的互动，并考虑或分析了占领政策的性别方面。本文基于三位助产士的传记，一位德国助产士，一位波兰助产士和一位犹太助产士，深入探讨了女性的怀孕、生育和早期育儿空间，以此作为生物政治学和德国化政策的关键起点。因此，它揭示了针对性别的占领政策的具体实现及其对日常生活的影响。日耳化和母性对纳粹在被吞并的波兰领土上的政策都很重要，因此研究德国、波兰和犹太助产士的角色是如何转变的，为我们打开了一扇窗，揭示了种族分类是如何在怀孕和生育的“私人领域”实施的。
Midwives worked at the interface between governmental intervention and the biographical turning points of pregnancy, giving birth, and early parenthood. With the introduction in 1938 of the mandatory enlistment of a midwife for every birth, the National Socialist state monopolized the activities of midwives, reinforcing their position as obstetrics experts. As such, midwives were indispensable for the implementation of Germanization policy for reproduction in Nazi-occupied western Poland during World War II.Recent studies concerning occupied Poland point out the intimate link between occupation and race policy, between Germanization policy and genocide. Yet only a few authors take gender-specific aspects of occupation policy into account or analyse everyday life and interactions between ethnic groups in occupied Poland. Based upon the biographies of three midwives, one German, one Polish and one Jewish, this article takes a closer look at the female space of pregnancy, child birth and early parenthood as a key starting point for biopolitics and Germanization policy. It thus sheds light on gender-specific realizations of occupation policy and its consequences for everyday life. Both Germanization and motherhood mattered to Nazi policy in the annexed Polish territories, and so examining how the roles of German, Polish and Jewish midwives were transformed opens a window onto how racial classifications were enacted within the ‘private sphere’ of pregnancy and birth.