Kinematics and power requirements of ascending and descending flight in the pigeon (Columba livia)
Kinematics and power requirements of ascending and descending flight in the pigeon (Columba livia)
复制标题
DOI：
10.1242/jeb.010413
复制
发表时间：
2008-04-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Biewener, Andrew A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Berg, Angela M.;Biewener, Andrew A.
上升或下降运动涉及势能 (PE) 的变化以及功率需求的相应变化。我们试图测试稳定上升或下降飞行所需的机械功率是否是平飞所需功率与势能变化所需功率的简单总和。鸽子 (Columba livia) 接受训练以不同的上升和下降角度（60 度、30 度、0 度、-30 度、-60 度）飞行，并使用高速视频进行记录。从记录中获得了详细的三维运动学，可以分析机翼的运动。然后根据运动学数据估算空气动力和功率需求。正如预期的那样，“PE 飞行功率”随着飞行角度的增加而显着增加（0.234 W deg.(-1)），尽管鸟类每次振翼可以获得或消散的 PE 量似乎存在限制。我们发现，除了-60度的陡峭下降之外，不同角度飞行的总功率输出与水平飞行所需的功率和给定角度的PE变化率之和没有什么不同。陡峭下降的总功率高于此总和，因为鸟的减速和较慢的飞行速度导致了更高的感应功率。中下冲程期间的气动力估计在飞行角度之间的大小或方向上没有显着差异。鸽子在 -30 度飞行时飞得最快 (4.9 +/- 0.1 m s(-1))，在 60 度飞行时飞得最慢 (2.9 +/- 0.1 m s(-1))。尽管在试验中翅膀拍动频率范围为 6.1 至 9.6 Hz，但不同飞行角度的变化并不显着。与其他飞行路径角度相比，+60 度和 -60 度飞行的行程平面角度更加水平，机翼更加延长。
Ascending or descending locomotion involves a change in potential energy (PE) and a corresponding change in power requirement. We sought to test whether the mechanical power required for steady ascending or descending flight is a simple sum of the power required for level flight and the power necessary for potential energy change. Pigeons (Columba livia) were trained to fly at varying angles of ascent and descent (60 degrees, 30 degrees, 0 degrees, -30 degrees, -60 degrees), and were recorded using high-speed video. Detailed three-dimensional kinematics were obtained from the recordings, allowing analysis of wing movement. Aerodynamic forces and power requirements were then estimated from kinematic data. As expected, 'PE flight power' increased significantly with angle of flight (0.234 W deg.(-1)), though there appeared to be a limit on the amount of PE that the birds could gain or dissipate per wingbeat. We found that the total power output for flight at various angles was not different from the sum of power required for level flight and the PE rate of change for a given angle, except for the steep -60 degrees descent. The total power for steep descent was higher than this sum because of a higher induced power due to the bird's deceleration and slower flight velocity. Aerodynamic force estimates during mid-downstroke did not differ significantly in magnitude or orientation among flight angles. Pigeons flew fastest during -30 degrees flights (4.9 +/- 0.1 m s(-1)) and slowest at 60 degrees (2.9 +/- 0.1 m s(-1)). Although wingbeat frequency ranged from 6.1 to 9.6 Hz across trials, the variation was not significant across flight angles. Stroke plane angle was more horizontal, and the wing more protracted, for both +60 degrees and -60 degrees flights, compared with other flight path angles.