SEX BIAS IN GRADUATE ADMISSIONS - DATA FROM BERKELEY
SEX BIAS IN GRADUATE ADMISSIONS - DATA FROM BERKELEY
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DOI：
10.1126/science.187.4175.398
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发表时间：
1975-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
56.9
通讯作者：
OCONNELL, JW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BICKEL, PJ;HAMMEL, EA;OCONNELL, JW
对加州大学伯克利分校（University of California, Berkeley） 1973年秋季研究生入学总数据的研究显示，对女性申请者存在明显但令人误解的偏见。对分类数据的检查显示，很少有决策单位在统计上明显偏离女性录取的预期频率，而且偏袒女性的单位似乎与偏袒男性的单位一样多。如果把数据适当地汇集起来，考虑到部门决策的自主权，从而修正了女性申请对男女申请者都更难进入的研究生部门的倾向，那么就会出现有利于女性的小幅但统计上显著的偏差。更容易进入的研究生院系往往是那些在本科预科课程中要求更多数学的院系。汇总数据中的偏见并非来自招生委员会的任何歧视模式（总体上看起来相当公平），而是显然来自教育系统早期阶段的预先筛选。由于她们的社会化和教育，女性被分流到研究生学习的领域，这些领域通常更拥挤，完成学位的效率更低，资金更少，而且往往提供更差的职业就业前景。
Examination of aggregate data on graduate admissions to the University of California, Berkeley, for fall 1973 shows a clear but misleading pattern of bias against female applicants. Examination of the disaggregated data reveals few decision-making units that show statistically significant departures from expected frequencies of female admissions, and about as many units appear to favor women as to favor men. If the data are properly pooled, taking into account the autonomy of departmental decision making, thus correcting for the tendency of women to apply to graduate departments that are more difficult for applicants of either sex to enter, there is a small but statistically significant bias in favor of women. The graduate departments that are easier to enter tend to be those that require more mathematics in the undergraduate preparatory curriculum. The bias in the aggregated data stems not from any pattern of discrimination on the part of admissions committees, which seem quite fair on the whole, but apparently from prior screening at earlier levels of the educational system. Women are shunted by their socialization and education toward fields of graduate study that are generally more crowded, less productive of completed degrees, and less well funded, and that frequently offer poorer professional employment prospects.