Triumph of the Commons: Sustainable Community Practices on Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
Triumph of the Commons: Sustainable Community Practices on Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
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DOI：
10.3390/su132112118
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发表时间：
2021-11
期刊：
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
R. DiNapoli;C. Lipo;T. Hunt
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. DiNapoli;C. Lipo;T. Hunt
长期以来，拉帕努伊(复活节岛)的历史一直被认为是一个寓言，讲述了由于个人的自私行为和未能明智地管理共用资源，社会可能会灾难性地失败。虽然起源于18世纪游客对该岛的解释，但20世纪的学者们将这种说法重新描述为一场“公地悲剧”，假设过去的人口是不可持续的，并自私地过度开发岛上有限的资源。然而，这种说法现在与一系列考古学、民族史学和环境证据不符。在这里，我们认为，虽然拉帕努伊人确实经历了大规模的森林砍伐和生态变化，但鉴于该岛过去的土地使用做法，这些变化必须结合实际情况。我们综合了这一证据，表明拉帕努伊人的种群是可持续的，并通过各种社区实践避免了公地悲剧。我们在埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆关于可持续社区的“核心设计原则”的背景下讨论了这一证据，并认为拉帕努伊为长期可持续发展提供了一个模式。
The history of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) has long been framed as a parable for how societies can fail catastrophically due to the selfish actions of individuals and a failure to wisely manage common-pool resources. While originating in the interpretations made by 18th-century visitors to the island, 20th-century scholars recast this narrative as a “tragedy of the commons,” assuming that past populations were unsustainable and selfishly overexploited the limited resources on the island. This narrative, however, is now at odds with a range of archaeological, ethnohistoric, and environmental evidence. Here, we argue that while Rapa Nui did experience large-scale deforestation and ecological changes, these must be contextualized given past land-use practices on the island. We provide a synthesis of this evidence, showing that Rapa Nui populations were sustainable and avoided a tragedy of the commons through a variety of community practices. We discuss this evidence in the context of Elinor Ostrom’s “core design principles” for sustainable communities and argue that Rapa Nui provides a model for long-term sustainability.