Electricity generation and cooling water use: UK pathways to 2050
Electricity generation and cooling water use: UK pathways to 2050
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DOI：
10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.01.005
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发表时间：
2014-03-01
影响因子：
8.9
通讯作者：
Amezaga, Jaime M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Byers, Edward A.;Hall, Jim W.;Amezaga, Jaime M.
热电发电量占全球发电量的80%。热电厂的冷却通常是通过从自然环境中抽取水来实现的。在英格兰和威尔士，电力部门负责大约一半的取水和40%的非潮汐地表水提取。我们提出了一个模型，量化了英国电力部门目前的用水量，并用它测试了到2050年的六条脱碳途径。这些途径包括各种发电技术，以及相关的冷却方法、水利用系数和冷却水源。我们发现，到2030年，六个途径的用水量相当一致，并且都实现了碳强度和水强度的显著降低，这是基于向闭合循环和混合冷却系统的过渡。从2030年到2050年，我们的结果是不同的。碳捕获和储存水平高的路径导致淡水消耗超过当前水平(37%-107%)，消耗强度高出30%-69%。如果碳捕获和封存发电集中在一起，水环境的风险将会加剧。高核能力的路径导致潮汐和海岸抽水，比目前水平高148-399%。在减少淡水抽取的同时，如果沿海地点短缺导致核反应堆聚集和热水排放集中，海洋环境将受到影响。可再生能源水平最高的道路取水量和耗水量都最低。还可以通过使用混合冷却来最大限度地减少淡水消耗，尽管成本和排放量略高，但这将减少对稀缺水资源的依赖，从而提高供应安全。02014作者。爱思唯尔有限公司出版。保留所有权利。
Thermoelectric generation contributes to 80% of global electricity production. Cooling of thermoelectric plants is often achieved by water abstractions from the natural environment. In England and Wales, the electricity sector is responsible for approximately half of all water abstractions and 40% of non-tidal surface water abstractions. We present a model that quantifies current water use of the UK electricity sector and use it to test six decarbonisation pathways to 2050. The pathways consist of a variety of generation technologies, with associated cooling methods, water use factors and cooling water sources. We find that up to 2030, water use across the six pathways is fairly consistent and all achieve significant reductions in both carbon and water intensity, based upon a transition to closed loop and hybrid cooling systems. From 2030 to 2050 our results diverge. Pathways with high levels of carbon capture and storage result in freshwater consumption that exceeds current levels (37-107%), and a consumptive intensity that is 30-69% higher. Risks to the aquatic environment will be intensified if generation with carbon capture and storage is clustered. Pathways of high nuclear capacity result in tidal and coastal abstraction that exceed current levels by 148-399%. Whilst reducing freshwater abstractions, the marine environment will be impacted if a shortage of coastal sites leads to clustering of nuclear reactors and concentration of heated water discharges. The pathway with the highest level of renewables has both lowest abstraction and consumption of water. Freshwater consumption can also be minimised through use of hybrid cooling, which despite marginally higher costs and emissions, would reduce dependence on scarce water resources thus increase security of supply. 0 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.