Embryonic and neonatal phenotyping of genetically engineered mice
Embryonic and neonatal phenotyping of genetically engineered mice
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DOI：
10.1093/ilar.47.2.103
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发表时间：
2006-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Adamson, SL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kulandavelu, S;Qu, DW;Adamson, SL
在适应现有技术和开发新技术以获得胚胎和新生小鼠越来越详细的表型信息方面取得了相当大的进展。用于小鼠胚胎和新生儿成像的复杂方法包括用于体内成像的超声和磁共振成像（MRI），以及用于死后成像的MRI、血管腐蚀铸型、微计算机断层扫描和光学投影断层扫描（OPT）。此外，多普勒和m型超声是监测胚胎和新生儿体内心脏和血管血流动力学的有用的无创工具。在选择合适的麻醉或安乐死技术以及在纵向研究中标记动物时，被表型化的动物的发育阶段是一个重要的考虑因素。研究设计还需要控制机体内变异性和机体内变异性之间可能存在的差异，以及麻醉和/或手术可能引起的长期发育影响。无创或微创静脉注射或心内注射或采血，动脉压和心电图（ECG）测量在新生儿中是可行的。虽然显微注射技术可用于妊娠6.5天的胚胎，但需要进一步发展，才能从子宫内的小鼠胚胎中获得微创液体或组织样本，或血压或心电图测量。越来越多用于小鼠胚胎和新生儿表型分析的技术有望加速利用基因工程小鼠来了解形态发生的分子调控和先天性疾病的病因学的研究。
Considerable progress has been made in adapting existing and developing new technologies to enable increasingly detailed phenotypic information to be obtained in embryonic and newborn mice. Sophisticated methods for imaging mouse embryos and newborns are available and include ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for in vivo imaging, and MRI, vascular corrosion casts, microcomputed tomography, and optical projection tomography ( OPT) for postmortem imaging. In addition, Doppler and M-mode ultrasound are useful noninvasive tools to monitor cardiac and vascular hemodynamics in vivo in embryos and newborns. The developmental stage of the animals being phenotyped is an important consideration when selecting the appropriate technique for anesthesia or euthanasia and for labeling animals in longitudinal studies. Study design also needs to control for possible differences between inter-and intralitter variability, and for possible long-term developmental effects caused by anesthesia and/or procedures. Noninvasive or minimally invasive intravenous or intracardiac injections or blood sampling, and arterial pressure and electrocardiography ( ECG) measurements are feasible in newborns. Whereas microinjection techniques are available for embryos as young as 6.5 days of gestation, further advances are required to enable minimally invasive fluid or tissue samples, or blood pressure or ECG measurements, to be obtained from mouse embryos in utero. The growing repertoire of techniques available for phenotyping mouse embryos and newborns promises to accelerate knowledge gained from studies using genetically engineered mice to understand molecular regulation of morphogenesis and the etiology of congenital diseases.