A REVIEW OF PARADOXICAL PERFORMANCE EFFECTS - CHOKING UNDER PRESSURE IN SPORTS AND MENTAL TESTS
A REVIEW OF PARADOXICAL PERFORMANCE EFFECTS - CHOKING UNDER PRESSURE IN SPORTS AND MENTAL TESTS
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DOI：
10.1002/ejsp.2420160405
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发表时间：
1986-10-01
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
SHOWERS, CJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BAUMEISTER, RF;SHOWERS, CJ
特殊绩效效应（“压力下的窒息”）被定义为尽管努力和激励上级绩效，但仍会出现较差的绩效。这些影响的实验演示任务类似于运动表现和理论，可以解释他们的审查。目前，注意力理论似乎提供了最完整的解释的过程背后的矛盾性能的影响。特别是，窒息可能是由于分心或自我集中的注意力干扰自动反应的执行。实验结果的矛盾性能递减与四个压力变量：观众在场，竞争，绩效相关的奖励和惩罚，和自我相关的任务。讨论了任务复杂性、期望和个体差异的中介因素。
Paradoxical performance effects (‘choking under pressure’) are defined as the occurrence of inferior performance despite striving and incentives for superior performance. Experimental demonstrations of these effects on tasks analogous to athletic performance and the theories that may explain them are reviewed. At present, attentional theories seem to offer the most complete explanation of the processes underlying paradoxical performance effects. In particular, choking may result from distraction or from the interference of self‐focused attention with the execution of automatic responses. Experimental findings of paradoxical performance decrements are associated with four pressure variables: audience presence, competition, performance‐contingent rewards and punishments, and ego relevance of the task. The mediating factors of task complexity, expectancies, and individual differences are discussed.