Biomining Technologies - Extracting and Recovering Metals from Ores and Wastes
Biomining Technologies - Extracting and Recovering Metals from Ores and Wastes
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生物采矿技术 - 从矿石和废物中提取和回收金属
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-031-05382-5_15
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Santos A
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文献类型：
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作者：
Santos A
虽然生物采矿目前仅限于还原（硫化物）矿石，但在氧化矿石中可以发现许多具有商业价值的金属。这些矿物包括红土、多金属海洋结核和硫化物矿床氧化形成的矿石。目前，这些氧化物矿石使用火法或湿法冶金技术进行加工，但这些技术可能具有限制其开发的几个缺点。本章总结了金属氧化物矿石的还原生物处理方法，主要集中在红土矿中回收镍和钴。在过去40年中，几项实验室研究已经证明，利用异养细菌或真菌产生的有机酸对腐泥土和褐铁矿红土矿石以及尾矿进行生物沥滤的可能性。然而，试点规模的测试还没有报告，这种方法的可行性是值得怀疑的。嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Acidithiobacillusferrooxidans）等化学无机营养菌催化铁和锰的氢氧化物矿物的厌氧还原溶解和元素硫的氧化，已被证明是一种更有前途的方法，特别是对于褐铁矿红土矿的生物处理，作为铁氧化还原过程的一个组成部分。酸性硫杆菌在低pH（<1）条件下对红土的好氧还原溶解作用也得到了证实。这些有前途的褐铁矿红土生物处理方案目前正在等待全面的工艺开发。
While biomining is currently restricted to reduced (sulfide) ores, many commercially valuable metals can be found in significant concentrations in oxidised ores. These comprise laterites, polymetallic marine nodules, and ores from oxidation of sulfide deposits. Currently, these oxide ores are processed using pyro- or hydrometallurgical techniques, but these can have several drawbacks which have restricted their exploitation. This chapter summarises reductive bioprocessing options for metal oxide ores and focuses chiefly on laterites for recovery of nickel and cobalt. Over the past 40 years, several laboratory studies have demonstrated the possibility of bioleaching saprolitic and limonitic laterite ores, as well as tailings, using organic acids generated by heterotrophic bacteria or fungi. However, pilot-scale tests have not been reported and the viability of this approach is questionable. The anaerobic reductive dissolution of iron and manganese oxy-hydroxide minerals coupled to the oxidation of elemental sulfur is catalyzed by acidophilic, chemolithotrophic bacteria such asAcidithiobacillus ferrooxidansand has shown to be a more promising approach, especially for bioprocessing of limonitic laterite ores, as an integral part of theFerredoxprocess. Aerobic reductive dissolution of laterites withAcidithiobacillusspecies has also been demonstrated at low pH (<1). These promising bioprocessing options for limonitic laterites are currently awaiting full process development.