Associative nitrogen fixation, C4 photosynthesis, and the evolution of spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) as major pests of neotropical sugarcane and forage grasses
Associative nitrogen fixation, C4 photosynthesis, and the evolution of spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) as major pests of neotropical sugarcane and forage grasses
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联合固氮、C4 光合作用以及作为新热带甘蔗和牧草主要害虫的飞蛾（半翅目：鹿科）的进化
DOI：
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发表时间：
2004
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
V. Thompson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
V. Thompson
新热带食草喷虫属是美国东南部至阿根廷北部牧草以及墨西哥南部至巴西南部甘蔗的重要害虫，据估计每年可造成高达70%的产量下降和8.4 - 21亿美元的经济损失。除了少数例外，被这些吐痰虫严重破坏的物种被引入C4草，这些草具有联合固氮作用。本研究综合了许多热带和亚热带草食喷虫的有害状况与其C4寄主的联合固氮有关的证据。认识到伴生固氮是唾沫虱寄主偏好的主要因素，有助于加深对唾沫虱农业生态学的理解，并促进对唾沫虱害虫的防治。特别是，唾沫虫应该容易受到木质部运输溶质的操纵。然而，由于基因工程的影响，减少硝态氮施用量，增加铵态氮施用量，或增强结合固氮，可能使寄主更容易受到唾沫虫的攻击。由于它们对C4草的偏好，吐痰虫为草食动物更喜欢C3植物而不是C4植物的假设提供了一个明确的反例。最后，在最近的地质历史中，大气二氧化碳水平的下降似乎促进了C4草的增殖。这一点，再加上人类的农业活动，推动了食草吐痰虫的生态和进化辐射，这为吐痰虫害虫的进化提供了持续的机会。
Abstract Neotropical grass-feeding spittlebugs of several genera are important pests of pasture grasses from the southeastern USA to northern Argentina, and of sugarcane from southern Mexico to southern Brazil, causing estimated reductions of up to 70% in yield and estimated monetary losses of US $840–2100 million annually. With few exceptions, the species badly damaged by these spittlebugs are introduced C4 grasses that exhibit associative nitrogen fixation. This study synthesizes evidence that the pest status of many tropical and subtropical grass-feeding spittlebugs is linked to associative N-fixation in their C4 hosts. Recognition that associative N-fixation is a major factor in spittlebug host preferences should deepen understanding of spittlebug agricultural ecology and facilitate efforts to combat spittlebug pests. In particular, spittlebugs should be susceptible to manipulation of xylem transport solutes. However, reduction of nitrate fertilizer rates, increase in ammonium fertilizer rates, or enhancement of associative N-fixation as a consequence of genetic engineering could make hosts more susceptible to spittlebug attack. Because of their predilection for C4 grasses, spittlebugs present a clear counterexample to the hypothesis that herbivores prefer C3 plants to C4 plants. Finally, it appears that declines in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels during recent geological history promoted the proliferation of C4 grasses. This, compounded by human agricultural activities, has driven an ecological and evolutionary radiation of grass-feeding spittlebugs that presents continuing opportunities for the evolution of spittlebug pests.