Self-Affirmation and Prejudice Reduction: When and Why?
Self-Affirmation and Prejudice Reduction: When and Why?
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DOI：
10.1177/0963721418807705
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发表时间：
2019-02-01
影响因子：
7.2
通讯作者：
Sherman, David K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Badea, Constantina;Sherman, David K.
偏见反应的前因问题由来已久，包括历史、结构、文化和心理因素的影响。关于偏见作为自我形象维护的社会心理学研究提供了证据，表明偏见的表现部分源于维持自我价值感和自我完整感的动机。在这里，我们回顾了一些研究，这些研究表明，在自我威胁的反应中，对外群体的偏见何时以及为什么会被自我价值的肯定所削弱。一方面，群体内威胁（例如，群体内的消极行为）和群体外威胁（例如，移民）对社会认同的区别出现了，另一方面，人们对每种威胁做出的防御反应（例如，否认群体内的责任vs.表现出偏见）。这种消极的群体间互动可以通过肯定自我来减弱。我们提出了理论化的调节因子（即个体差异和文化规范），并提出了偏见领域肯定效应的潜在机制。我们讨论了自我肯定在减少偏见方面的潜在应用。
The question of the antecedents of prejudicial responses has a long history that includes contributions of historical, structural, cultural, and psychological factors. Social-psychological research on prejudice as self-image maintenance provides evidence that manifestations of prejudice stem, in part, from the motivation to maintain a feeling of self-worth and self-integrity. Here, we review studies that indicate when and why prejudice toward out-groups in response to self-threats is weakened by affirmations of self-worth. A distinction emerges between in-group threats (e.g., negative acts committed by the in-group) and out-group threats (e.g., immigrants) to social identity, on the one hand, and the defensive reactions people make in response to each kind of threat (i.e., denying in-group responsibility vs. displaying prejudice), on the other. Such negative intergroup interactions can be attenuated by affirming the self. We present theorized moderators (i.e., individual differences and cultural norms) and proposed mechanisms underlying affirmation effects in the domain of prejudice. We discuss potential applications of self-affirmation in prejudice-reduction efforts.