Measurements of reactive nitrogen produced by tropical thunderstorms during BIBLE‐C
Measurements of reactive nitrogen produced by tropical thunderstorms during BIBLE‐C
复制标题
DOI：
10.1029/2006jd008193
复制
发表时间：
2007-09
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Koike;Y. Kondo;K. Kita;N. Takegawa;N. Nishi;T. Kashihara;S. Kawakami;S. Kudoh;D. Blake;T. Shirai;B. Liley;M. Ko;Y. Miyazaki;Z. Kawasaki;T. Ogawa
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Koike;Y. Kondo;K. Kita;N. Takegawa;N. Nishi;T. Kashihara;S. Kawakami;S. Kudoh;D. Blake;T. Shirai;B. Liley;M. Ko;Y. Miyazaki;Z. Kawasaki;T. Ogawa
[1]2000年12月，在澳大利亚达尔文附近（南纬12度，东经131度）进行了生物质燃烧和闪电实验C阶段（BIBLE-C）飞机使命。这是第一个设计用于估计热带地区闪电NO生成率的飞机实验，热带地区的闪电NO生成被认为是最强烈的。在两次飞行（分别于12月9日和11-12日进行的飞行10和13）期间，在11.5至14公里的高度观察到NOx（NO + NO2）的增强，按体积计高达1000和1600万亿分之一（pptv，10秒数据）。地球静止气象卫星（GMS）云（亮温）数据和全球定位和跟踪系统（GPATS）的地面闪电测量表明，在卡奔塔利亚湾海岸有强烈的闪电事件，发生在我们测量区域的上游，测量前10至14小时。对于这两次飞行，NOx超过100 pptv的空气分别延伸超过620 × 140和400 × 170 km 2（风向×垂直方向），这表明闪电NO的产生对热带地区的NOx水平有显著影响。我们估计，在11.5和14公里之间观测到的雷暴产生的NOx量分别为3.3和1.8 × 1029个NO分子。利用GPATS的闪电计数数据，估算了这两组飞行数据中每一次闪电的NO生成率分别为1.9-4.4和21-49 × 10 ~（25）NO分子。在这些估计中，假定0 - 16 km之间的柱NO产生比11.5 - 14 km之间的观测值大3.2倍，这是使用Pickering等人（1998）报告的结果得出的。然而，在这项研究中，GPATS闪电数据存在很大的不确定性，在参考生产率时必须小心。在这些估计中的Understanding进行了讨论。还描述了对臭氧产生速率的影响。
[1] The Biomass Burning and Lightning Experiment phase C (BIBLE-C) aircraft mission was carried out near Darwin, Australia (12°S, 131°E) in December 2000. This was the first aircraft experiment designed to estimate lightning NO production rates in the tropics, where production is considered to be most intense. During the two flights (flights 10 and 13 made on December 9 and 11–12, respectively) enhancements of NOx (NO + NO2) up to 1000 and 1600 parts per trillion by volume (pptv, 10-s data) were observed at altitudes between 11.5 and 14 km. The Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) cloud (brightness temperature) data and ground-based lightning measurements by the Global Positioning and Tracking System (GPATS) indicate that there were intensive lightning events over the coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria, which took place upstream from our measurement area 10 to 14 h prior to the measurements. For these two flights, air in which NOx exceeded 100 pptv extended over 620 × 140 and 400 × 170 km2 (wind direction × perpendicular direction), respectively, suggesting a significant impact of lightning NO production on NOx levels in the tropics. We estimate the amount of NOx observed between 11.5 and 14 km produced by the thunderstorms to be 3.3 and 1.8 × 1029 NO molecules for flights 10 and 13, respectively. By using the GPATS lightning flash count data, column NO production rates are estimated to be 1.9–4.4 and 21–49 × 1025 NO molecules per single flash for these two flight data sets. In these estimations, it is assumed that the column NO production between 0 and 16 km is greater than the observed values between 11.5 and 14 km by a factor of 3.2, which is derived using results reported by Pickering et al. (1998). There are however large uncertainties in the GPATS lightning data in this study and care must be made when the production rates are referred. Uncertainties in these estimates are discussed. The impact on the ozone production rate is also described.