Horror, fear, and moral disgust are differentially elicited by different types of harm.
Horror, fear, and moral disgust are differentially elicited by different types of harm.
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不同类型的伤害会不同地引发恐怖、恐惧和道德厌恶。
作者：
Taylor;P. & Uchida;Y.
目睹或经历极端和难以理解的伤害会引发强烈的情绪反应，通常被称为“恐怖”。尽管传统的情绪分类法将恐惧归类为恐惧和/或厌恶的一种亚型，但最近的实证研究表明，恐惧是一种独特的情绪类别（cowen&keltner, 2017）。然而，恐怖究竟与恐惧和厌恶有何不同，目前还不清楚。目前的研究代表了第一次实证尝试，以澄清恐怖如何与恐惧和道德厌恶区分开来。结果表明，这些情绪是由伤害的不同方面引起的：恐惧是对伤害的严重性或异常的反应，对伤害的自我相关性的恐惧，以及对伤害原因的道德厌恶。在一项关于个人情绪体验的调查中（研究1），参与者报告说，他们对实际发生的极端或异常伤害感到恐惧，但对没有伤害或只有轻微伤害的事件感到恐惧和道德厌恶。与恐惧或道德厌恶相比，参与者还报告了更大的认知中断（例如，怀疑、图式不一致）。测试不同方面的伤害对情绪评级的影响的实验表明，不正常的伤害（与普通的伤害相比）和已经发生的伤害（与潜在的威胁相比）会不同地增加恐惧，而具有高（与低）自我相关性的伤害会不同地增加恐惧（研究2）。此外，极端伤害（相对于轻微伤害）会不同程度地增加恐惧，但存在（相对于不存在）应受谴责的行为者会不同程度地增加道德厌恶（研究3）。
Witnessing or experiencing extreme and incomprehensible harm elicits an intense emotional response that is often called “horror.” Although traditional emotion taxonomies have categorized horror as a subtype of fear and/or disgust, recent empirical work has indicated that horror is a distinct emotion category (Cowen & Keltner, 2017). However, exactly how horror is different from fear and disgust has remained unclear. The current studies represent the first empirical attempt to clarify how horror is distinct from fear and moral disgust. Results indicated that these emotions are elicited by different aspects of harm: horror is a response to the severity or abnormality of harm, fear to the self-relevance of harm, and moral disgust to the harm’s causal agent. In a survey of personal experiences of emotions (Study 1), participants reported having felt horror in response to the actual occurrence of extreme or abnormal harm, but felt fear and moral disgust in response to events involving no harm or only mild harm. Participants also reported greater cognitive disruption (eg, disbelief, schema-incongruence) during horror than during fear or moral disgust. Experiments testing the effects of different aspects of harm on emotion ratings indicated that horror was differentially increased by harm that was abnormal (vs. common) and had already occurred (vs. potential threat), whereas fear was differentially increased by harm that had high (vs. low) self-relevance (Study 2). Further, extreme (vs. mild) harm differentially increased horror, but the presence (vs. absence) of a blameworthy agent differentially increased moral disgust (Study 3).