DEVELOPMENTAL TIME COURSE IN HUMAN INFANTS AND INFANT MONKEYS, AND THE NEURAL BASES OF, INHIBITORY CONTROL IN REACHING
DEVELOPMENTAL TIME COURSE IN HUMAN INFANTS AND INFANT MONKEYS, AND THE NEURAL BASES OF, INHIBITORY CONTROL IN REACHING
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb48913.x
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发表时间：
1990-12-31
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
DIAMOND, A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
DIAMOND, A
发展似乎是通过破坏和抑制，以及通过建设和获得来进行的。例如，神经发育在一定程度上涉及到修剪过度供应的神经元和轴突投射的旺盛（参见Frost，本卷; Innocenti & Clarke，1984）。在猴子和人类的新皮层中，出生时的神经细胞比此后任何时候都多（例如，Rakic，1974; 1985）。同样，运动发展和认知发展也是通过抑制反射和自动反应而实现的（Diamond &吉尔伯特，1989）。越来越多的额叶皮层区域被发现在抑制中发挥作用，尽管额叶皮层的不同分支似乎参与了抑制的不同方面。额叶皮层是迄今为止人类大脑中最大的皮层区域，在进化过程中，它的大小（以及用于它的大脑质量的比例）增加得最多，并且比大脑的任何其他区域都需要更长的时间才能达到成熟（额叶皮层只有在青春期左右才完全成熟[例如，Diamond，在出版中，a]）。人们普遍认为，额叶皮层的最前部区域（即前额叶皮层）有助于最高的认知能力，人类最高的智力成就。额叶皮层在抑制中的作用可能是其帮助复杂认知操作的能力的关键。例如，前额叶皮层对集中注意力的重要性。额叶皮层在帮助注意力方面的作用似乎取决于额叶皮层的抑制功能。额叶皮质活动对于减少注意力分散至关重要
Development appears to proceed by destruction and inhibition, as well as by construction and acquisition. For example, neural development involves, in part, pruning back an oversupply of neurons and an exuberance of axonal projections (see, eg, Frost, this volume; Innocenti & Clarke, 1984). There are more nerve cells at birth in the neocortex of monkeys and humans than at any time thereafter (eg, Rakic, 1974; 1985). Motor development and cognitive development, likewise, are made possible, in part, by the inhibition of reflexive and automatic reactions (eg, Diamond & Gilbert, 1989). More and more regions of frontal cortex are being found to play a role in inhibition, although various subdivisions of frontal cortex appear to participate in different aspects of inhibition. Frontal cortex is by far the largest area of cortex in the human brain, it has increased the most in size (and in the proportion of brain mass devoted to it) over the course of evolution, and it takes longer to reach maturity than any other area of the brain (frontal cortex only becomes fully mature around puberty [eg, Diamond, in press, a]). There is general agreement that the most anterior regions of frontal cortex (ie, prefrontal cortex) subserve the highest cognitive abilities, the crowning intellectual achievements of the human race. The role of frontal cortex in inhibition is probably critical to its ability to subserve complex cognitive operations. Take, for example, the importance of prefrontal cortex for focusing attention. The role of frontal cortex in aiding attention appears to depend on the inhibitory functions of frontal cortex. Frontal cortex activity is critical to reduce distractibility