ECOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS ON GROUP-SIZE - AN ANALYSIS OF SPIDER MONKEY AND CHIMPANZEE SUBGROUPS
ECOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS ON GROUP-SIZE - AN ANALYSIS OF SPIDER MONKEY AND CHIMPANZEE SUBGROUPS
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/bf00175729
复制
发表时间：
1995-01-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
CHAPMAN, LJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
CHAPMAN, CA;WRANGHAM, RW;CHAPMAN, LJ
蜘蛛猴（Ateles geoffroyi）和黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）的社会组织非常相似。在本文中，这两个物种的实地研究被用来（1）测试动物群体规模的生态约束模型，该模型表明，群体规模是旅行成本的函数，（2）评估这两个物种的社会组织背后的生态和社会因素。在哥斯达黎加的圣罗莎国家公园对蜘蛛猴进行了为期6年的研究，在乌干达的基巴莱国家公园对黑猩猩进行了为期6年的研究。这两个物种的成年人在经常改变大小和组成的小子群中度过他们的时间。因此，与大多数灵长类物种不同，蜘蛛猴和黑猩猩并不总是处于一个空间上有凝聚力的社会群体中;每个个体都可以选择在不同大小或组成的亚群中联合。这两个物种都依赖于树上的成熟果实，这些果实可以通过它们的进食活动而耗尽。然而，蜘蛛猴的食物资源往往出现在更高的密度，更常见，较少的时间变化，并没有达到黑猩猩所经历的低水平。对亚群大小与其食物资源密度和分布之间关系的分析表明，旅行费用限制了亚群大小。然而，这些生态因素并没有影响所有年龄/性别的阶级平等。例如，一个亚组中成年男性的数量是食物密度和旅行成本的函数。然而，雌性黑猩猩的情况并非如此，这表明即使生态条件似乎可以最大限度地降低子群体觅食成本，雌性黑猩猩在一个子群体中的收益也不会超过成本。因此，社会策略似乎影响了食物资源变量和亚群大小之间的关系。
The social organization of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) appear remarkably similar. In this paper, field studies of these two species were used to (1) test a model of ecological constraints on animal group size which suggests that group size is a function of travel costs and (2) assess ecological and social factors underlying the social organization of these two species. Spider monkeys were studied over a 6-year period in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica, and chimpanzees were studied for 6 years in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Adults of both species spent their time in small subgroups that frequently changed size and composition. Thus, unlike most primate species, spider monkeys and chimpanzees were not always in a spatially cohesive social group; each individual had the option of associating in subgroups of a different size or composition. Both species relied on ripe fruit from trees that could be depleted through their feeding activity. However, spider monkey food resources tended to occur at higher densities, were more common, less temporally variable, and did not reach the low levels experienced by chimpanzees. Analyses of the relationship between subgroup size and the density and distribution of their food resources suggested that travel costs limit subgroup size. However, these ecological factors did not influence all age/sex classes equally. For example, the number of adult males in a subgroup was a function of food density and travel costs. However, this was not the case for female chimpanzees, suggesting that the benefits of being in a subgroup for females did not exceed the costs, even when ecological conditions appeared to minimize subgroup foraging costs. Therefore, it seems likely that social strategies influenced the relationship between food resource variables and subgroup size.