How does stone-tool use emerge? Introduction of stones and nuts to naive chimpanzees in captivity
How does stone-tool use emerge? Introduction of stones and nuts to naive chimpanzees in captivity
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DOI：
10.1007/s10329-004-0110-z
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发表时间：
2005-04-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Matsuzawa, T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hayashi, M;Mizuno, Y;Matsuzawa, T
据报道，在西非的几个社区有坚果开裂行为，但在东非和中非没有。此外，即使在坚果破碎社区中，也有一些人没有获得这项技能。本研究旨在阐明坚果开裂行为所需的认知能力以及坚果开裂行为的产生过程。为了检验出现，我们给三只幼稚的成年黑猩猩提供了一次观察人类模型的机会。一名人类测试者用一对石头展示了坚果开裂的行为，然后将石头和坚果提供给黑猩猩受试者。三分之二的黑猩猩继续使用锤石击打砧石上的坚果，其中一只在第一次测试中成功地敲开了坚果。第三只黑猩猩没能敲开坚果。我们使用了四个变量（对象，位置，使用的身体部位，和行动）来描述石头/坚果操作，以进一步分析对象的操作模式所表现出的主题。分析表明，有三个主要的困难与坚果开裂行为。(1)任务失败的黑猩猩从未表现出击球动作。(2)失败的黑猩猩操纵坚果，但很少操纵石头。(3)三个物体的组合在三只黑猩猩中并不常见。我们还讨论了我们的研究结果与参考的影响，在圈养和社会背景下的学习在野外。
Nut-cracking behavior has been reported in several communities in West Africa but not in East and Central Africa. Furthermore, even within nut-cracking communities, there are individuals who do not acquire the skill. The present study aimed to clarify the cognitive capability required for nut-cracking behavior and the process through which the the nut-cracking behavior emerges. To examine emergence, we provided three naive adult chimpanzees with a single opportunity to observe human models. A human tester demonstrated nut-cracking behavior using a pair of stones and then supplied stones and nuts to the chimpanzee subjects. Two out of three chimpanzees proceeded to hit a nut on an anvil stone using a hammer stone, one of whom succeeded in cracking open the nuts during the first test session. The third chimpanzee failed to crack open nuts. We used four variables (object, location, body part used, and action) to describe stone/nut manipulation in order to analyze further the patterns of object manipulation exhibited by the subjects. The analysis revealed that there were three main difficulties associated with nut-cracking behavior. (1) The chimpanzee who failed at the task never showed hitting action. (2) The chimpanzee who failed at the task manipulated nuts but rarely stones. (3) The combination of three objects was not commonly observed in the three chimpanzees. We also discuss our results with reference to the effect of enculturation in captivity and the social context of learning in the wild.