Cultural Variation in Social Judgments of Smiles: The Role of Ideal Affect
Cultural Variation in Social Judgments of Smiles: The Role of Ideal Affect
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DOI：
10.1037/pspp0000192
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发表时间：
2019-06-01
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
Yeung, Dannii Y.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tsai, Jeanne L.;Blevins, Elizabeth;Yeung, Dannii Y.
虽然重要的研究表明，人们对一个群体的信念会影响他们对该群体成员的判断，但很少有研究考察人们对情感的信念和价值观(他们的“理想情感”)是否会影响他们对人们情绪面部表情的社会判断。我们预测，越看重和理想地想要感受兴奋和其他高度唤醒积极状态(HAP)的人，他们就越会判断兴奋(而不是平静)的面孔(外向、和蔼可亲)。此外，由于欧洲裔美国人通常比香港华人更看重HAP，我们预测，欧洲裔美国人会比香港中国人更看重兴奋(而不是冷静)的目标。我们在四项研究中找到了对这些假设的一致支持。在研究1a和1b中，这些效应不受目标种族(白人、亚洲人)和目标性别(男性、女性)的影响；出现在人类和计算机生成的面孔上；并不一致地出现在非附属社会判断(即优势、能力)中。在研究2和研究3中，我们在更现实的背景下重复了这些发现。在研究2中，文化和理想影响参与者对兴奋的Facebook个人资料的外向判断。在研究3中，文化和理想影响了参与者对兴奋的求职者的外向性和宜人性的判断，这增加了他们聘用该求职者的可能性。总而言之，这些发现表明，人们的文化和理想影响了他们对兴奋(而不是平静)微笑的判断。我们讨论了这些过程在多文化环境中持续存在偏见方面可能发挥的作用。
While significant research has demonstrated that people's beliefs about a group shape how they judge members of that group, few studies have examined whether people's beliefs and values regarding emotion (their "ideal affect") shape how they socially judge people's emotional facial expressions. We predicted that the more people valued and ideally wanted to feel excitement and other high arousal positive states (HAP), the more affiliative (extraverted, agreeable) they would judge excited (vs. calm) faces. Moreover, because European Americans typically value HAP more than Hong Kong Chinese do, we predicted that European Americans would rate excited (vs. calm) targets as more affiliative than would Hong Kong Chinese. We found consistent support for these hypotheses in four studies. In Studies 1a and 1b, these effects held regardless of target race (White, Asian) and target sex (male, female); emerged for human as well as computer-generated faces; and did not consistently emerge for nonaffiliative social judgments (i.e., dominance, competence). In Studies 2 and 3, we replicated these findings in more realistic contexts. In Study 2, culture and ideal affect predicted participants' extraversion judgments of excited Facebook profiles. In Study 3, culture and ideal affect predicted participants' extraversion and agreeableness judgments of an excited job applicant, which increased their likelihood of hiring that applicant. Together, these findings suggest that people's culture and ideal affect shape how affiliative they judge excited (vs. calm) smiles. We discuss the role these processes may play in perpetuating biases in multicultural settings.