Geographical distribution (2000) and temporal trends (1981-2000) of brominated diphenyl ethers in Great Lakes herring gull eggs
Geographical distribution (2000) and temporal trends (1981-2000) of brominated diphenyl ethers in Great Lakes herring gull eggs
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DOI：
10.1021/es025831e
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发表时间：
2002-11-15
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Weseloh, DVC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Norstrom, RJ;Simon, M;Weseloh, DVC
地理的。2000年在北美五大湖生态系统中溴化二苯醚(BDE)阻燃剂的分布是通过对来自15个监测网络的鲱鸥蛋(13个卵池)的分析确定的，这些监测网络的菌落分布在湖泊和连接的通道上。SigmaBDEs的浓度范围为192~1400µg/kg，平均为662+/-368µg/kg(蛋液湿重)。密歇根湖北部和多伦多港的浓度最高(1000-1400杯/公斤)，休伦湖最低。和伊利湖(192-340杯/公斤)。这一分布表明，除了来自区域/全球运输的本底水平外，来自大城市/工业区通过空气或水排放的输入还会对鲱鱼鸥食物网造成局部污染。不同采样点的同系物组成相似。主要的同源化合物是BDE-47(43%)、BDE-99(26%)、BDE-100(13%)、BDE-153(11%)、BDE-154(4%)、BDE-183(2%)和BDE-28(1%)。通过对北方地区采集的鲱鸥卵(10个卵池)的分析，建立了1981-2000年间BDE污染的时间趋势。密歇根湖、萨吉诺湾、休伦湖和安大略湖东部。BDE-47、-99和-100以及BDE-153、-154和-183浓度被分开分组进行分析，因为这两组具有不同的趋势，并且主要分别与五溴二苯醚和八溴二苯醚阻燃剂配方有关。在1981年至1983年，SigmaBDE(47，99,100)的浓度为5-12 mg/kg(湿重)，然后在接下来的17年里，所有三个地点的浓度都呈指数级增长(p<；0.00001)，达到400-1,100 mg/kg。密歇根湖的倍增时间为2.6年，休伦湖为3.1年，安大略湖为2.8年。SigmaBDE(154,153,183)浓度总体上增加，但在不同部位以不稳定的方式变化，并作为SigmaBDE加班的一小部分下降。2000年，SigmaBDE(154,153,183)在所有三个殖民地的鸡蛋中的浓度为100-200毫克/公斤。因此，过去20年在五大湖水生生态系统中观察到的SigmaBDE浓度的大部分急剧增加似乎与五溴二苯醚配方有关，该配方主要用作北美聚氨基甲酸酯泡沫塑料的阻燃剂。如果目前的变化速度继续下去，SigmaBDEs的浓度将在10-15年内赶上或超过五大湖鲱鸥卵中SigmaPCbs的浓度。
Geographical. distribution of brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) flame retardants in the North American Great Lakes ecosystem in 2000 was determined by analysis of herring gull eggs (13 egg pools) from a network of 15 monitoring, colonies scattered throughout the lakes and connecting channels. SigmaBDEs were found at concentrations ranging from 192 to 1400 mug/kg, mean of 662 +/- 368 mug/kg (wet weight of egg contents). Highest concentrations were found in northern Lake Michigan and Toronto harbor (1000-1400 mug/kg) and lowest in Lake Huron. and Lake Erie (192-340 mug/kg). The distribution suggested that input from large urban/industrial areas through air or water emissions contributes local contamination to the herring gull food web in addition to background levels from regional/global transport. The congener composition was similar among sampling sites. Major congeners were BDE-47 (43%), BDE-99 (26%), BDE-100 (13%) BDE-153 (11%), BDE-154 (4%), BDE-183 (2%) and BDE-28 (1%). Temporal trends of BDE contamination, 1981-2000, were established by analysis of archived herring gull eggs (10 egg pools) from colonies in northern. Lake Michigan, Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron and eastern Lake Ontario. BDE-47, -99 and -100, and BDE-153, -154 and -183 concentrations were grouped separately for analysis because these two groups had different trends and are primarily associated with the Penta BDE and Octa BDE flame retardant formulations, respectively. SigmaBDE(47,99,100) concentrations were 5-12 mug/kg (wet weight) in 1981-1983 and then increased exponentially (p < 0.00001) at all three sites to 400-1100 mug/kg over the next 17 years. Doubling times were 2.6 years in Lake Michigan, 3.1 years in Lake Huron and 2.8 years in Lake Ontario. SigmaBDE(154,153,183) concentrations generally increased but varied in an erratic fashion among sites and decreased as a fraction of SigmaBDE overtime. Concentrations of SigmaBDE(154,153,183) were 100-200 mug/kg in eggs from all three colonies in 2000. Therefore, most of the dramatic increases in SigmaBDE concentrations observed over the past 20 years in the Great Lakes aquatic ecosystem seem to be connected with the Penta BDE formulation, which is mainly used as a flame retardant in polyurethane foam in North America. If present rates of change continue, concentrations of SigmaBDEs will equal or surpass those of SigmaPCBs in Great Lakes herring gull eggs in 10-15 years.