Individuality in responses of children to similar environmental situations.
Individuality in responses of children to similar environmental situations.
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儿童对相似环境情况的反应具有个性。
DOI：
10.1176/ajp.117.9.798
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发表时间：
1961
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
L. Robbins
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Thomas;H. Birch;S. Chess;L. Robbins
精神病学中流行的一种观点是，童年的社会化过程必然涉及一系列的创伤和挫折。因此，这一领域的一位有影响力的工作者说，断奶“即使在最有利的情况下，这个阶段也会留下一种原始的邪恶和厄运的感觉，以及对失去的天堂的普遍怀念”(6)，厕所训练，“肠道和膀胱训练已经成为我们社会各界最令人不安的儿童训练项目”(7)，以及对兄弟姐妹的反应，涉及“嫉妒和竞争……现在，在与母亲争夺有利地位的最后一场竞争中达到高潮；不可避免的失败会导致听天由命、内疚和焦虑。这种态度的影响是如此普遍，以至于即使是一名研究人员自己也证明，婴儿时期的吸吮动力至少部分是吸吮机会的结果，而不是天生的口头驱动力状态的表达(5)，在最近的一份出版物中评论说，“断奶过程，除非在最幸运的情况下，否则肯定会让孩子感到沮丧(14)。这种说法涉及这样一种假设，即改变与儿童生理和社会需求有关的既定行为模式本身就令人沮丧。因此，将厕所训练改为成功使用马桶而不是尿布被视为一种必然的负面体验。此外，从这个角度来看，这种变化的最良性结果将是将创伤降至最低。同样，更复杂的父母社会化实践，
Prevalent in psychiatry is the view that the process of socialization in childhood necessarily involves a series of traumata and frustrations. Thus, an influential worker in this field states of weaning that “even under the most favorable circumstances, this stage leaves a residue of a primary sense of evil and doom and of a universal nostalgia for a lost paradise”(6), of toilet-training that “bowel and bladder training has become the most obviously disturbing item of child training in wide circles of our society”(7), and of the response to siblings as involving “jealousy and rivalry... now come to a climax in a final contest for a favored position with the mother; the inevitable failure leads to resignation, guilt and anxiety”(8). So pervasive is the influence of this attitude that even an investigator who has himself demonstrated that sucking drive in infancy is at least in part the consequence of opportunities to suck rather than the expression of an innate oral drive states (5), in a recent publication remarks that “the weaning process, except under the most fortunate circumstances, is bound to be frustrating to the child”( 14). Such statements involve the assumption that change in established patterns of behavior related to physiologic and social needs of the child is in and of itself frustrating. Thus, toilet-training with a change to the successful use of the toilet bowl rather than the diaper is viewed as a necessarily negative experience. Further, from this point of view the most benign outcome of such a change would be the minimization of trauma. Similarly, more complex parental socialization practices,