Intergroup variation in robbing and bartering by long-tailed macaques at Uluwatu Temple (Bali, Indonesia)
Intergroup variation in robbing and bartering by long-tailed macaques at Uluwatu Temple (Bali, Indonesia)
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/s10329-017-0611-1
复制
发表时间：
2017-10-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Leca, Jean-Baptiste
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brotcorne, Fany;Giraud, Gwennan;Leca, Jean-Baptiste
抢劫与以物易物（RB）是一种在自由活动的共生猕猴中传闻有报道的行为习性。它通常分为两步：猕猴从人类那里获取不可食用的物品（例如眼镜）之后，似乎将它们当作代币，把物品归还给人类以换取食物。虽然在圈养环境中已有广泛研究，但我们的研究是首次在自然环境中探究人类与灵长类动物之间的物品/食物交换。在2010年为期4个月的研究中，我们采用焦点取样和事件取样两种方法，在巴厘岛（印度尼西亚）乌鲁瓦图寺周围自由活动的一群长尾猕猴（Macaca fascicularis）中记录了201起RB事件，这些猕猴包括四个相邻的群体。在每个群体中，我们记录了RB的频率、流行程度和结果，并检验了潜在的人为因素和种群统计学决定因素。与环境机会假说相符，我们发现在群体层面上，在旅游区停留的时间与RB频率或流行程度之间存在正相关的定性关系。对于四个群体中的两个群体，当环境中人类出现得更多时，RB事件明显更频繁。我们还发现对雄性偏向性别比假说有部分定性支持[即，在（亚）成年雄性比例较高的群体中，RB更频繁且更普遍]，而群体密度假说未得到支持。这项初步研究表明，RB是巴厘岛猕猴中一种自发的、在某些群体中常见的且持久的群体特异性行为，其特点是群体间存在差异。因此，RB有可能成为该物种一种新的行为传统。
Robbing and bartering (RB) is a behavioral practice anecdotally reported in free-ranging commensal macaques. It usually occurs in two steps: after taking inedible objects (e.g., glasses) from humans, the macaques appear to use them as tokens, returning them to humans in exchange for food. While extensively studied in captivity, our research is the first to investigate the object/food exchange between humans and primates in a natural setting. During a 4-month study in 2010, we used both focal and event sampling to record 201 RB events in a population of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis), including four neighboring groups ranging freely around Uluwatu Temple, Bali (Indonesia). In each group, we documented the RB frequency, prevalence and outcome, and tested the underpinning anthropogenic and demographic determinants. In line with the environmental opportunity hypothesis, we found a positive qualitative relation at the group level between time spent in tourist zones and RB frequency or prevalence. For two of the four groups, RB events were significantly more frequent when humans were more present in the environment. We also found qualitative partial support for the male-biased sex ratio hypothesis [i.e., RB was more frequent and prevalent in groups with higher ratios of (sub)adult males], whereas the group density hypothesis was not supported. This preliminary study showed that RB is a spontaneous, customary (in some groups), and enduring population-specific practice characterized by intergroup variation in Balinese macaques. As such, RB is a candidate for a new behavioral tradition in this species.