From the Symbolic Stimulus to the Pathophysiologic Response: Immune Mechanisms
From the Symbolic Stimulus to the Pathophysiologic Response: Immune Mechanisms
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从象征性刺激到病理生理反应：免疫机制
DOI：
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发表时间：
1974
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
G. Solomon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Amkraut;G. Solomon
来自各种来源的间接证据，特别是与免疫系统功能障碍或功能减退(传染性、过敏性、自体免疫和肿瘤)相关的疾病发病和病程中的情绪和压力因素的临床研究，支持经验因素可以影响免疫系统功能的概念，可能是通过神经内分泌调节。我们将免疫系统分解为其组成部分，以便在疾病过程中找到可识别的应激反应靶点。免疫系统可分为三个分支：传入，包括抗原呈递；中枢，不同类别的细胞在其中引起免疫反应；传出，与免疫的后遗症有关。我们还必须考虑发生免疫反应的部位。我们试图捍卫这样一种假设，即情绪因素会导致“免疫平衡”的微小变化，从而将潜伏或轻微的疾病转变为显性或严重的疾病。我们考虑了免疫反应的特定成分与各种应激反应激素以及与环状AMP和环状GMP的相互作用。我们还推测了中枢神经系统直接影响免疫反应的可能性，特别是通过胸腺，胸腺在免疫能力中发挥内分泌作用。我们概述了荷尔蒙对免疫反应每条肢体的特定成分所产生的各种影响。由于神经内分泌和免疫系统的相互作用无疑涉及免疫系统中多个机制和多个靶点的相互作用，因此建立和研究整个基质内的关系将是必要的。到目前为止的证据表明，应激主要影响免疫系统的传出肢体，在一定程度上影响传入肢体，巨噬细胞活动可能是一个主要目标。
Indirect evidence from a variety of sources, particularly clinical studies of emotional and stress factors in the onset and course of diseases associated with dysfunction or hypofunction of the immune system (infectious, allergic, autoimmune and neoplastic), support the notion that experiential factors can influence the functions of the immune system, presumably via neuroendocrine mediation. We dissect the immunologic system into its components in order to find identifiable targets within disease processes that are stress-responsive. The immune system can be divided into three limbs: afferent, comprising presentation of antigen; central, in which different classes of cells give rise to immune responses; and efferent, concerned with the sequelae of immunization. We must also consider sites in which the immune reaction occurs. We try to defend the assumption that emotional factors lead to small alterations in “immune balance” that can convert latent or mild illness to manifest or severe illness. We consider the interaction of specific components of the immune response with a variety of stress-responsive hormones and with cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. We also speculate on the possibility of direct central nervous system influence on the immune response, particularly via the thymus which plays an endocrine role in immunologic competence. We outline a variety of influences hormones can play on specific components of each limb of the immune response. Since the interaction of neuroendocrine and immune systems no doubt involves an interplay of multiple mechanisms with multiple targets in the immune system, establishing and studying relationships within the entire matrix will be necessary. Evidence so far suggests that stress affects chiefly the efferent, and to some extent the afferent, limbs of the immune system and that macrophage activities are probably a major target.