Use of sown wildflower strips to enhance natural enemies of agricultural pests
Use of sown wildflower strips to enhance natural enemies of agricultural pests
复制标题
利用播种野花条增强农业害虫天敌
DOI：
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发表时间：
2004
期刊：
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通讯作者：
E. Wyss
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
L. Pfiffner;E. Wyss
集约化农业和农用化学品的过度使用导致了农业景观中野生动物的贫困，特别是在可耕地景观中，但也在常年高投入作物中。半自然生境的消失、作物轮作的简化以及化肥和杀虫剂的大量投入被认为是造成已观察到的生物多样性严重下降的原因（例如Aebischer，1991年）。这些做法可以降低栖息地质量，并消除必要的栖息地结构，这是重要的许多天敌。
此外，农业景观日益简化;自然和半自然地区支离破碎，完全被大型单一耕作领域所取代。因此，大多数依赖于这种半自然栖息地越冬的天敌（索瑟顿1985; Lys和Nentwig 1994; Pfiffner和Luka 2000）需要进一步分散，以达到夏季觅食栖息地，如农作物。适宜生境的破碎化和丧失导致天敌物种多样性和丰富度下降，甚至导致灭绝（Fahrig 1997）和生物控制功能的丧失（Kruess和Tscharntke 1994）。第四章将更详细地探讨生物防治中的这种规模化问题。
如今，农业景观的一个理想目标是通过使用可持续的耕作方法以及保护和重建非作物栖息地来提高生物多样性。一些欧洲国家已经制定了农业环境方案（如农村发展和预留方案）。自1993年以来，瑞士政府一直资助低投入和可持续的农业方法（例如低投入的综合作物管理，有机农业）和建立非作物栖息地。鼓励农民增加这些非作物生境的数量，包括低投入生境，以扭转观察到的农田动物减少的趋势，并保护或改善农业生态系统的功能和服务。
已经证明，对环境的生境控制可以提高天敌的存活率，从而提高它们作为害虫控制剂的效率（Gurr et al. 1998; Landis et al. 2000，Nicholls and Altieri，ch. 3 this volume）。农田边缘是一种重要的生境类型，为许多节肢动物提供了避难所和资源。因此，田边在维持农田生物多样性方面发挥着关键作用（Fry 1994）。此外，联合收割机还可以将这些半自然生境与低投入农业结合起来，以增强对动物多样性和自然虫害控制的影响（Pfiffner 2000年; Pfiffner和Luka 2003年）。
已知一些生境操纵选项可改善邻近生产系统中的害虫防治。其中包括草甲虫库（托马斯和马歇尔，1999年;柯林斯等人，2002年）;杂草带;预留带和田边（见概述马歇尔和穆恩，2002年）。本章重点介绍了种植野花带（杂草带的同义词）的使用，这些野花带可能位于田地边缘。在一年生和多年生作物系统中，这些作物用于增加天敌和增加植物群和动物群的多样性。
Nentwig（1989年）是第一个在实践中实施种植野花带的带状农业的倡议之一。自1993年以来，瑞士农业环境计划一直鼓励和补贴这种类型的农田利润。如今，在瑞士各地的农场里，有超过3000公顷的野花带（一般宽度为3-10米）（匿名者，2003年）。本章将详细介绍这些地带是如何组成的，以及如何在实践中建立和管理它们。最后讨论了它们对一年生和多年生系统中天敌和害虫控制的影响。
Intensive agriculture and excessive use of agrochemicals have resulted in an impoverished wildlife in agricultural landscapes, especially in arable landscapes but also in perennial high input crops. The elimination of semi-natural habitats, simplification of crop rotations as well as high input of fertilisers and pesticides is considered to be responsible for the severe decline of biological diversity that has been observed (e.g. Aebischer 1991). These practices can reduce habitat quality and remove the necessary habitat structure that is important to many natural enemies.
Moreover, agricultural landscapes are increasingly being simplified; with natural and semi natural areas fragmented and replaced altogether by large monocultural fields. As a consequence, most of the natural enemies depending on such semi-natural habitats for overwintering (Sotherton 1985; Lys and Nentwig 1994; Pfiffner and Luka 2000) need to disperse further to reach summer feeding habitats like agricultural crops. Fragmentation and loss of suitable habitats has caused natural enemies to decline in species diversity and abundance, and has even resulted in extinctions (Fahrig 1997) and loss of biological control functions (Kruess and Tscharntke 1994). Such landscape-scale aspects in biological control are explored in more detail in chapter 4.
Nowadays, a desirable goal in agricultural landscapes is the enhancement of biotic diversity through the use of sustainable farming methods and the conservation and reestablishment of non-crop habitats. Agri-environmental programs have been established in several European countries (e.g. rural development and set-aside programs). Since 1993, the Swiss government has subsidised low-input and sustainable-farming methods (e.g. low-input integrated crop management, organic farming) and the establishment of non-crop habitats. Farmers are encouraged to increase the amount of these non-crop habitats including low-input habitats in order to reverse the observed decline of farmland fauna and to conserve or improve the functions and services of the agroecosystems.
It has been demonstrated that habitat manipulation of the environment can enhance the survival of natural enemies and thereby improve their efficiency as pest-control agents (Gurr et al. 1998; Landis et al. 2000, Nicholls and Altieri, ch. 3 this volume). Field margins are an important type of habitat that provides refuge and resources for many arthropods. Thus field margins play a key role in maintaining biological diversity on farmland (Fry 1994). In addition, it may be useful to combine these semi-natural habitats with low-input agriculture to enhance effects on fauna diversity and natural pest control (Pfiffner 2000; Pfiffner and Luka 2003).
Some habitat manipulation options are known to improve pest control in adjacent production systems. These include grassy beetle banks (Thomas and Marshall 1999; Collins et al. 2002); weedy strips; set-aside strips and field margins (see overview Marshall and Moonen 2002). This chapter focuses on the use of sown wildflower strips (a synonymous term for weed strips) which may be located in field margins. These are used to augment natural enemies and to increase the diversity of flora and fauna in annual and perennial cropping systems.
One of the first initiatives to implement strip farming with sown wildflower strips in practice was taken by Nentwig (1989). Since 1993 this type of field margin has been encouraged and subsidised in the Swiss agri-environmental programs. Nowadays, more than 3000 ha of wildflower strips (in general with a width of 3–10 m) exist on farms all over Switzerland (Anonymous 2003). This chapter will detail how these strips are composed and how they can be established and managed in practice. Finally, their effects on natural enemies and pest control in annual and perennial systems are discussed.