Does diversity of environmental microbial exposure matter for the occurrence of allergy and asthma?
Does diversity of environmental microbial exposure matter for the occurrence of allergy and asthma?
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.067
复制
发表时间：
2012-07-01
影响因子：
14.2
通讯作者：
von Mutius, Erika
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Heederik, Dick;von Mutius, Erika
本综述描述了有关微生物暴露以及对哮喘和特应性的保护作用的最新文献。某些微生物相关的分子模式已被确定为可能影响免疫系统发育的因子，从而对哮喘和特应性产生保护作用。来自革兰氏阴性细菌的内毒素是第一个与降低哮喘和特应性风险相关的药物。在后来的研究中，分别来自霉菌和革兰氏阳性菌的β(1 -> 3)葡聚糖、胞外多糖和胞壁酸分别与农村和城市人群过敏和哮喘风险降低相关。这些结果已经表明，来自革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌以及霉菌的不只是一种而是几种独立的微生物信号可能在解释保护作用方面发挥作用。最近，微生物暴露的多样性与农民子女的风险降低有关。令人惊讶的是，真菌和细菌暴露的多样性似乎都具有保护作用。这些结果开辟了新的研究领域并带来了复杂的挑战。讨论了方法学问题，例如环境暴露特征和评估以及潜在潜在机制的阐明，因为这些方面对未来研究中如何研究微生物多样性与哮喘和特应性保护作用的关系具有重大影响。 （《过敏临床免疫杂志》2012 年；130：44-50。）
This review describes the recent literature on microbial exposures and protective effects for asthma and atopy. Certain microorganism-associated molecular patterns have been identified as agents that might influence the development of the immune system, which in turn leads to protective effects for asthma and atopy. Endotoxins from gram-negative bacteria were the first agents associated with a reduced risk for asthma and atopy. In later studies, beta(1 -> 3)glucans, extracellular polysaccharides, and muramic acid from, respectively, molds and gram-positive bacteria were associated with a reduced risk of allergy and asthma separately in rural and urban populations. These results already suggested that not just one but several independent microbial signals from gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, as well as molds, might play a role in explaining the protective effects. Recently, the diversity of microbial exposure has been associated with such a reduced risk in farmers' children. Surprisingly, the diversity of both fungal and bacterial exposure seemed to have protective effects. These results open new areas of research and create complex challenges. Methodological issues, such as environmental exposure characterization and assessment and elucidation of potential underlying mechanisms, are discussed because these aspects have a major influence on how microbial diversity can be studied in future studies in relation to protective effects for asthma and atopy. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;130:44-50.)