THE EVOLUTIONARY MAINTENANCE OF ALTERNATIVE PHENOTYPES
THE EVOLUTIONARY MAINTENANCE OF ALTERNATIVE PHENOTYPES
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DOI：
10.1086/285369
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发表时间：
1992-05-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
MORAN, NA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
MORAN, NA
来理解多面性的进化。或在替代发育途径和相应表型之间的适应性转换，控制发育转换的环境因素，或线索，必须与影响相对适合性的因素区分开来。或是有选择性的特工。在大多数纯粹的环境空间变异条件下，多物性的维持需要对线索的适应性发展敏感性，这导致了表型与环境的匹配。在空间变异下维持多物性的其他决定因素包括不同表型-环境组合的相对适合度、替代环境的频率以及多物性的可能成本。在变化是暂时的情况下，多面性受到相同参数的影响，但更容易保持，可能在没有适应性发展敏感性的情况下更受青睐。即使在环境条件足以维持多物性的情况下，其进化也可能被限制发育敏感度的限制所阻碍，这些限制阻止了表型-环境匹配、发育转换的代价或拮抗多效性阻止替代表型的独立进化。这些因素可能是高度分类单元特有的，这将排除关于多物性分布的概括性。然而，多年生生物中丰富的季节性多态现象表明，哪里的环境是有利的。发育系统通常足够灵活，可以建立简单的多面性。复杂的多面性可能局限于发育转换发生在非常早期的发育阶段的情况。
To understand the evolution of polyphenism. or adaptive switching between alternative developmental pathways and corresponding phenotypes, environmental factors governing the developmental switch, or cues, must be distinguished from factors affecting relative fitnesses. or selective agents. Under most conditions of purely spatial variation in environment, the maintenance of polyphenism requires adaptive developmental sensitivity to cues, which results in phenotype-environment matching. Other determinants of the maintenance of polyphenism under spatial variation include relative fitnesses of different phenotype-environment combinations, frequencies of alternative environments, and possible costs of polyphenism. Where variation is temporal, polyphenism is affected by the same parameters but is maintained more readily and may be favored without adaptive developmental sensitivity. Even where environmental conditions are sufficient for maintaining polyphenism, its evolution may be precluded by constraints on developmental sensitivity that prevent phenotype-environment matching, costs of developmental switching, or antagonistic pleiotropy that prevents independent evolution of alternative phenotypes. These factors could be highly taxon-specific, which would preclude generalizations concerning the distribution of polyphenism. However, the abundance of seasonal polyphenisms in multivoltine organisms suggests that where environments are favorable. developmental systems are often flexible enough for the establishment of simple polyphenisms. Elaborate polyphenisms may be restricted to circumstances in which the developmental switch occurs during very early development.