Arsenic exposure from food exceeds that from drinking water in endemic area of Bihar, India.
Arsenic exposure from food exceeds that from drinking water in endemic area of Bihar, India.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142082
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发表时间：
2020-08
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Mondal;M. Rahman;S. Suman;P. Sharma;A. Siddique;M. Rahman;A. Bari;Ranjit Kumar;N. Bose;S. K. Singh;A. Ghosh;D. Polya
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文献类型：
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作者：
D. Mondal;M. Rahman;S. Suman;P. Sharma;A. Siddique;M. Rahman;A. Bari;Ranjit Kumar;N. Bose;S. K. Singh;A. Ghosh;D. Polya
大量证据表明，食物链中的砷（As）含量升高，主要是大米、小麦和蔬菜。然而，在饮用水中天然存在的砷的地区，从食物暴露到总砷暴露和相关健康风险的重要性仍然经常被忽视，因此缓解措施主要集中在饮用水上。在这项研究中，估计在印度的比哈尔邦，作为暴露人群的食物，饮用水的贡献。使用概率方法与输入参数的基础上，详细的膳食评估和估计的饮用水，米饭，面粉和土豆收集了91个家庭，覆盖19个村庄的终身癌症风险增加预测。中位总暴露量为0.83 μg/kgBW/天（第5和第95位数值分别为0.21和11.1 μg/kgBW/天），食物（中位值= 49%）对总暴露量的贡献几乎等于饮用水（中位值= 51%）。更重要的是，与以前的研究相反，食物比饮用水更容易暴露于As，即使饮用水As高于WHO临时指导值10 μg/L。饮用水砷含量低于10 μ g/L时，食物摄入的中位和第95百分位额外终生癌症危险度分别为1.89 × 10− 4和7.32 × 10− 4;饮用水砷含量高于10 μ g/L时，食物摄入的中位和第95百分位额外终生癌症危险度分别为4.00 × 10− 4和1.83 × 10− 3。我们的研究结果强调的重要性，食物相关的曝光在作为流行地区，也许令人惊讶的是，特别是在饮用水中的高浓度的地区-这部分归因于增加食物作为由于烹饪在高As水。这些发现及时强调了从食物链中去除砷的重要性，而不仅仅是流行地区的饮用水。
Extensive evidence of elevated arsenic (As) in the food-chain, mainly rice, wheat and vegetables exists. Nevertheless, the importance of exposure from food towards total As exposure and associated health risks in areas with natural occurring As in drinking water is still often neglected, and accordingly mitigations are largely focused on drinking water only. In this study, the contribution of food over drinking water to overall As exposure was estimated for As exposed populations in Bihar, India. Increased lifetime cancer risk was predicted using probabilistic methods with input parameters based on detailed dietary assessment and estimation of As in drinking water, cooked rice, wheat flour and potato collected from 91 households covering 19 villages. Median total exposure was 0.83 μg/kgBW/day (5th and 95th percentiles were 0.21 and 11.1 μg/kgBW/day) and contribution of food (median = 49%) to overall exposure was almost equal to that from drinking water (median = 51%). More importantly and contrary to previous studies, food was found to contribute more than drinking water to As exposure, even when drinking water As was above the WHO provisional guide value of 10 μg/L. Median and 95th percentile excess lifetime cancer risks from food intake were 1.89 × 10−4and 7.32 × 10−4respectively when drinking water As was below 10 μg/L and 4.00 × 10−4and 1.83 × 10−3respectively when drinking water As was above 10 μg/L. Our results emphasise the importance of food related exposure in As-endemic areas, and, perhaps surprisingly, particularly in areas with high As concentrations in drinking water – this being partly ascribed to increases in food As due to cooking in high As water. These findings are timely to stress the importance of removing As from the food chain and not just drinking water in endemic areas.