Trade, transport and trouble: managing invasive species pathways in an era of globalization
Trade, transport and trouble: managing invasive species pathways in an era of globalization
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01600.x
复制
发表时间：
2009-02-01
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Hulme, Philip E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hulme, Philip E.
几千年来，人类一直在交易和运输外来物种，其间发生了两次显著的变化：中世纪的结束和工业革命的开始。然而，近几十年来，世界在生物入侵的规模和多样性方面进入了一个新阶段：全球化时代。本专题回顾了全球化的主要驱动因素与生物入侵之间的联系，并探讨了最先进的途径风险评估方法，以说明管理入侵物种的新机会。收入增长是全球化的主要推动力，在世界许多地区，国内生产总值与外来动植物的丰富程度之间存在着明显的联系。在许多情况下，商品进口在生物入侵，特别是对岛屿生态系统的入侵中所起的重要作用突出了这些经济体对贸易的暴露。1950年后，技术和物流的改进加快了商品在全球运输的便利性，但阻碍了货物的可追溯性和拦截害虫的便利性。国际贸易和人类运输中新的海、陆、空联系为外来物种的传播开辟了新的途径。支持入侵物种管理的科学进步必须以商业的速度发展。日益增加的运输网络和对商品的需求使得路径风险评估成为预防生物入侵的第一线。在水生和陆地生物群落中，污染物、偷渡者、走廊和无辅助途径引起的各种引入途径是复杂的。然而，共同的特征使风险评估的方法具有可比性。通过汇集气候适宜性、栖息地可用性和入境点的空间数据，以及包括物种扩散（自然和人为介导）和繁殖压力测量在内的人口统计学模型，有可能生成突出潜在入侵热点的风险地图，从而为预防策略提供信息。合成与应用。迄今为止，大多数对路径建模的尝试都集中在描述入侵者建立的可能性上。很少有人模拟明确的管理战略，如最佳检测和检查战略以及评估不同管理措施的有效性。未来在这些领域的重点将确保研究为应对提供信息。
Humans have traded and transported alien species for millennia with two notable step-changes: the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of the Industrial Revolution. However, in recent decades the world has entered a new phase in the magnitude and diversity of biological invasions: the Era of Globalization. This Special Profile reviews the links between the main drivers of globalization and biological invasions and examines state-of-the-art approaches to pathway risk assessment to illustrate new opportunities for managing invasive species.Income growth is a primary driver of globalization and a clear association exists between Gross Domestic Product and the richness of alien floras and faunas for many regions of the world. In many cases, the exposure of these economies to trade is highlighted by the significant role of merchandise imports in biological invasions, especially for island ecosystems.Post-1950, technical and logistic improvements have accelerated the ease with which commodities are transported across the globe and hindered the traceability of goods and the ease of intercepting pests. New sea, land and air links in international trade and human transport have established novel pathways for the spread of alien species. Increasingly, the science advances underpinning invasive species management must move at the speed of commerce.Increasing transport networks and demand for commodities have led to pathway risk assessments becoming the frontline in the prevention of biological invasions. The diverse routes of introduction arising from contaminant, stowaway, corridor and unaided pathways, in both aquatic and terrestrial biomes are complex. Nevertheless, common features enable comparable approaches to risk assessment. By bringing together spatial data on climate suitability, habitat availability and points of entry, as well a demographic models that include species dispersal (both natural and human-mediated) and measures of propagule pressure, it is possible to generate risk maps highlighting potential invasion hotspots that can inform prevention strategies.Synthesis and applications. To date, most attempts to model pathways have focused on describing the likelihood of invader establishment. Few have modelled explicit management strategies such as optimal detection and inspection strategies and assessments of the effectiveness of different management measures. A future focus in these areas will ensure research informs response.