BIOLOGY OF CROCUS OLIVIERI SUBSP. OLIVIERI
BIOLOGY OF CROCUS OLIVIERI SUBSP. OLIVIERI
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DOI：
10.17660/actahortic.2004.650.7
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发表时间：
2004-05
影响因子：
0.6
通讯作者：
H. Vurdu;K. Güney;F. F. Çiçek-F.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
H. Vurdu;K. Güney;F. F. Çiçek-F.
藏红花的物候期及形态特征。Olivieri是通过在采样区域的观察来确定的。记录了该物种从开花到灭叶5个月的形态特征变化。在室内条件下，球茎萌发时间为50±18天。1000粒重为6.819 g，种子存活率为89% ~ 96%。试验了不同的种子萌发过程。其中，在蒸馏水中保存1 ~ 10 d的种子最适合发芽。种子在播种后154-179天开始萌发。因此，通过使用球茎和种子，可以实现该物种的商业化种植。番红花属鸢尾科植物。本科植物是具有根茎、球茎或球茎的草本植物（Davis, 1984）。鸢尾科约有60属1500种。藏红花属约有70种，主要分布在地中海地区（Warburg, 1957）。在土耳其，该属约有32种（Malyer, 1985）。在这些物种中，藏红花。（图1）分布在安纳托利亚西部、北部、南部和中部、希腊、南斯拉夫南部、保加利亚南部、罗马尼亚东南部和阿尔巴尼亚。一种著名的藏红花是C. sativus L.（图2），在地中海和亚洲国家小规模种植。藏红花属植物有地下肉质球茎。它们的球茎通常是对称的，被几个纤维的，膜质或皮质的被皮包围。它们有基部，草状，深绿色的叶子，中间带白色条纹。在叶片的下表面，扁平龙骨两侧各有两个深槽。它们的叶子随花或花后出现。根据藏红花种类的不同，开花时间在春季或秋季。一株植物可能有一朵或几朵花。每朵花都在一个短的地下花梗上，花梗被膜质覆盖的花梗所覆盖。花有膜质苞片。花被筒长而窄。这种花有两个轮生的六瓣。花的花柱有三个或更多的分枝。这些植物的子房在地下。果实是一个蒴果，它们有许多棕色或红色的种子。藏红花的种类可以通过几个特征来区分。藏红花的花柱因种而异。它们可以被分割成三个裂片，也可以被分割得很细，有许多裂片。球茎外衣的特征是另一个重要的识别特征。球茎被有环形环绕整个球茎，纤维从上到下平行排列，鳞片重叠如壳，细或粗网状。其他有助于物种识别的特征是开花前后的叶片外观、叶片数量、花的颜色和花药的颜色（Bryan, 1989）。大多数藏红花可以通过每年更换球茎或种子繁殖。由于不育性，少数种类的番红花仅通过替代球茎繁殖（Negbi et al., 1989; Plessner et al., 1989），如C. sativus（三倍体种）（Chichiricco, 1984; Ghaffari, 1985）。大多数藏红花品种自然生长在灌木和草地之间的田地或浅林地（赫胥黎，1975）。目前种植的藏红花品种数量非常有限。这些主要是C. sativus， C. aureus和C. vernus。关于藏红花的讨论：j . a .。Fernández & F. Abdullaev Acta Hort 650， ISHS 2004 72本研究的目的是为了研究紫茎的生物学和形态学特征，以探索紫茎的栽培技术。材料与方法研究区域描述选取土耳其安卡拉METU校区南部区域作为采样区域。样本区域覆盖着黑松树。C. olivieri生长在森林里一排排松树之间，在那里它们可以在中午得到直射的阳光。在采样区域内，具体的研究区域是根据绿僵菌的高种群密度来确定的。由于开花在短时间内结束，夏季叶片消失，因此对植物进行标记对于在田间重新安置样本植物具有重要意义。标记程序于1992年4月初进行，当时该菌群占主导地位。用2x2x40 cm大小的棍子标记研究区域内植物的位置（图3）。枝条插入每株植物的西侧，间隔7厘米。每根棍子都有编号。总共有400株植物被标记用于研究（图4）。本研究主要观察了不同年份下青松生长发育的变化情况。每个月记录样品植物的发芽、出叶、开花、果实成熟和叶消失时间等物候特征。在本研究中使用的这些特征定义如下。发芽时间是指球茎开始发芽的时间。出叶时间是指植物的叶子在地面上出现的时间。花期是指田间大多数植物开花的时间。果实成熟时间是指蒴果打开后种子在土壤上播撒的时间。叶子消失时间是指大部分叶子变干的时间（Anonymous, 1992）。每个月从采样区采集30株植物送到实验室。对采集的样品进行形态特征记录和形态计量学测定。图5显示了这些字符及其缩写的描述。在测量叶子和花的长度时，要考虑每个植物的两片叶子和花中较长的那个。测定了生长在研究区域内的紫堇的颜色、大小等形态特征。此外，还测定了千粒重。在砂盆中对球茎进行了发芽研究。将62颗橄榄球茎保存在4℃的尼龙袋中进行发芽研究。球茎种植深度为10厘米，每行间隔5厘米，每行间隔5厘米，种植于7个盆栽中。20颗球茎采集后立即在实验室的两个沙盆中种植，并定期浇水。在种子发芽试验之前，确定种子的生存能力。采用两种不同的方法测定了紫紫树种子的活力。生化试验（四氮唑试验）四氮唑试验是一种生化方法，通过将种子浸泡在1% 2,3,5三苯基四氮唑中出现的红色来测试种子的活力
Phenological periods and morphological characteristics of Crocus olivieri subsp. olivieri have been determined by observations in the sampling area. The changes in morphometric characteristics of this species for a period of 5 months from flowering to leaf disappearing have been recorded. The corm germination is achieved in 50±18 days under indoor conditions. 1000 seed weight has been determined as 6.819 g and the viability of seeds ranged from 89 to 96 percent. Different seed germination procedures were tested. Among these, seeds kept in distilled water for 1-10 days showed to be the suitable for the seed germination. Germination of the seeds started 154-179 days after sowing. As a result, the cultivation of this species could be done commercially by using corms and seeds. INTRODUCTION Crocus species are members of Iridaceae family. The plants in this family are herbs with rhizomes, corms or bulbs (Davis, 1984). The family Iridaceae embraces about 60 genera and 1500 species. The genus Crocus embraces about 70 species distributed mostly in the Mediterranean Region (Warburg, 1957). In Turkey, there are about 32 species of this genus (Malyer, 1985). Among these species, Crocus olivieri Gay. (Figure 1) is distributed in western, northern, southern and Central Anatolia and Greece, southern Yugoslavia, southern Bulgaria, southeastern Romania and Albania. A well-known Crocus is C. sativus L. (Figure 2) that is cultivated on a small scale in Mediterranean and Asiatic countries. The plants in the genus Crocus have underground fleshy corms. Their corms are usually symmetrical and enclosed by several fibrous, membranous or coriaceous tunics. They have basal, grass-like, dark green leaves with whitish median stripe. On the lower surface of the leaves, there are two deep grooves on either site of flattish keel. Their leaves appear with flowers or after flower. Depending on the Crocus species, the flowers appear in spring or autumn. A plant may have one or several flowers. Each flower is on a short subterranean pedicel that is subtended by a membranous sheating prophyll. The flower has a membraneous bract. The perianth tube is long and narrow. The flower has six segments in two whorls. The style of the flower is three or more branched. Ovary of these plants is subterranean. The fruit is a capsule and they have numerous seeds with brownish or reddish color. Species of Crocus can be identified from each other by several features. The styles of the Crocus vary greatly from species to species. They can be dissected into three lobes or very finely dissected with numerous lobes. The character of corm tunic is another important identification feature. There are corm tunics with circular rings around the entire corm, with fibers that run parallel from top to bottom, with overlapping scales as shell, with finely or coarsely reticulate. Other characteristics that aid in the identification of species are appearance of foliage before or after flowering, number of leaves, the flower color, and the anther color (Bryan, 1989). Most Crocus species can be propagated either by annual replacement corms or by seeds. Due to sterility, a few species of Crocus are propagated solely by replacement corms (Negbi et al., 1989; Plessner et al., 1989), such as C. sativus (a triploid species) (Chichiricco, 1984; Ghaffari, 1985). Most of the Crocus species grow naturally in the fields between shrubs and grass or light woodlands (Huxley, 1975). Very limited numbers of Crocus species are being cultivated. These are mostly C. sativus, C. aureus and C. vernus. Proc. I IS on Saffron Eds: J.-A. Fernández & F. Abdullaev Acta Hort 650, ISHS 2004 72 The aim of this study was to examine the biological and morphological characteristics of C. olivieri in order to find out cultivation techniques for this plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Description of Study Area The southern region of METU Campus in Ankara, Turkey, was selected as sampling area. The sample area is covered with Pinus nigra trees. C. olivieri grows between rows of pine trees in the forest where they can get the direct sunlight mostly at noon. Within the sampling area, the specific study areas were located on the basis of high population density of C. olivieri. Sampling Guidelines Since flowering ends in a short period of time, and leaves disappear during summer, labeling of the plants has a significant importance to relocate the sample plants in the field. The labeling procedure was carried out in early April 1992, when C. olivieri dominates the flora. The locations of plants on the study area were labeled by 2x2x40 cm sized sticks (Figure 3). The sticks were inserted western side of each plant with a 7 cm apart. Each stick was numbered. A total of 400 plants were labeled for the study (Figure 4). Data Collection on Phenology of the Species Changes in the growth and development of C. olivieri in a year around were observed. Phenological characteristics such as sprouting, leaf appearing, flowering, fruit maturation and leaf disappearing time of the sample plants were recorded monthly. These characteristics, as used in this study, are defined as follows. Sprouting time is the time at which corms were started to give bud. Leaf appearing time is the time at which leaf of the plant is seen on the ground. Flowering time is the time at which most of the plants in the field are flowering. Fruit maturation time is the time at which seeds were spread on the soil after opening of the capsule. Leaf disappearing time is the time at which most of the leaves become dry (Anonymous, 1992). Data Collection on Morphology Every month, 30 plants were collected from the sampling area and brought to the laboratory. On these collected samples, morphological characteristics were recorded and the morphometric characters were measured. Descriptions of these characters and their abbreviations are shown in Figure 5. The longer one of the two leaves and flowers of each plant is considered during leaf and flower length measurements. Morphological characteristics such as color and size of C. olivieri growing in the study area were also determined. In addition, 1000 seed weight was also determined. Corm Propagation Germination studies of corms were carried out in sand pots. 62 C. olivieri corms were stored and kept in nylon bags at 4 C for germination studies. Corms were planted at a depth of 10 cm, in rows 5 cm apart and at a distance of 5 cm within the rows in seven pots. 20 corms were planted in two sand pots in the laboratory immediately after collection from the field and watered regularly. Seeds Before the seed germination tests, the viability of seeds determined. The viability of C. olivieri seeds was tested by using two different methods. Biochemical Test (Tetrazolium Test) The tetrazolium test is a biochemical method in which viability of seeds is tested by the red color appearing when the seeds are soaked in 1 % 2,3,5 triphenyl tetrazolium