Enigmatic cranial superstructures among Chamorro ancestors from the Mariana Islands: gross anatomy and microanatomy.
Enigmatic cranial superstructures among Chamorro ancestors from the Mariana Islands: gross anatomy and microanatomy.
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马里亚纳群岛查莫罗祖先神秘的颅骨上层结构：大体解剖学和显微解剖学。
DOI：
10.1002/ar.22920
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Anderson,BruceE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Heathcote,GaryM;Bromage,TimothyG;Sava,VincentJ;Hanson,DouglasB;Anderson,BruceE
本研究的重点是大体解剖，解剖关系，显微解剖，以及三个神秘的，地理图案，和准连续的后颅上部结构的意义。这些特征统称为枕骨上部结构（OSSs），包括枕隆凸结节（TOT）、乳突后突（PR）和乳突上后结节（TSP）。当存在时，TOT、PR和TSP分别发生在上斜方肌、上级斜肌和胸锁乳突肌的后颅附着部位。这些开放源码软件的显著表达和共同出现几乎局限于大洋洲，并在马里亚纳群岛的原始查莫罗人（查莫罗）中达到最高记录频率。在进行扫描电子显微镜（SEM）工作之前，我们对OSS发展的多因素模型是，在附着点处的早发性、长期和慢性活动相关的微创伤导致了相当少的遗传易感（大多数是男性）个体的旺盛反应或修复反应。然而，SEM成像揭示了地形图案化的问题，但不否定，这些超结构的活性诱导。虽然OSS在宏观上表现为相对较大和离散的现象，但SEM结果显示，在具有OSS显微形态外观的枕骨表面上，存在独特的、广泛的和看似系统性的结构分布。然而，明显的遗传基础，与肌肉附着点的解剖关系，以及OSS发展与肱骨健壮性的正相关性继续表明，这些上层结构有可能立即见证查莫罗人口的历史，并告知骨生物学结构的慢性活动模式在个人轴承。进一步的工作，将阐明开放源码软件的近端和最终的意义。Anat Rec，297：1009 - 1021，2014。© 2014 Wiley Periodicals，Inc.
This study focuses on the gross anatomy, anatomic relations, microanatomy, and the meaning of three enigmatic, geographically patterned, and quasi‐continuous superstructures of the posterior cranium. Collectively known as occipital superstructures (OSSs), these traits are the occipital torus tubercle (TOT), retromastoid process (PR), and posterior supramastoid tubercle (TSP). When present, TOT, PR, and TSP develop at posterior cranial attachment sites of the upper trapezius, superior oblique, and sternocleidomastoid muscles, respectively. Marked expression and co‐occurrence of these OSSs are virtually circumscribed within Oceania and reach highest recorded frequencies in protohistoric Chamorros (CHamoru) of the Mariana Islands. Prior to undertaking scanning electron microscopy (SEM) work, our working multifactorial model for OSS development was that early‐onset, long‐term, and chronic activity‐related microtrauma at enthesis sites led to exuberant reactive or reparative responses in a substantial minority of genetically predisposed (and mostly male) individuals. SEM imaging, however, reveals topographic patterning that questions, but does not negate, activity induction of these superstructures. Although OSSs appear macroscopically as relatively large and discrete phenomena, SEM findings reveal a unique, widespread, and seemingly systemic distribution of structures over the occipital surface that have the appearance of OSS microforms. Nevertheless, apparent genetic underpinnings, anatomic relationships with muscle entheses, and positive correlation of OSS development with humeral robusticity continue to suggest that these superstructures have potential to at once bear witness to Chamorro population history and inform osteobiographical constructions of chronic activity patterns in individuals bearing them. Further work is outlined that would illuminate the proximate and ultimate meanings of OSS. Anat Rec, 297:1009–1021, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.