Vulnerability of land systems to fire: interactions among humans, climate, the atmosphere, and ecosystems.
Vulnerability of land systems to fire: interactions among humans, climate, the atmosphere, and ecosystems.
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DOI：
10.1007/s11027-006-9046-5
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发表时间：
2007-01-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Scholes, M. C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lavorel, S.;Flannigan, M. D.;Scholes, M. C.
火灾是地球系统中的关键元素，将气候，人类和植被联系起来。每年有200-500 Mha被烧毁，火灾比任何其他自然干扰都干扰更大的生物群落。火灾的点燃、蔓延和影响取决于当地到区域尺度上气候、植被结构和土地利用之间的相互作用。因此，火灾及其对陆地生态系统的影响对全球变化高度敏感。火灾可能导致生态系统的结构和功能发生巨大变化。它们对大气和地球化学循环有重大影响。通过对温室气体的显著贡献（例如，每年释放1.7-4.1 Pg碳）和气溶胶排放，并改变地表性质，它们不仅影响植被，而且影响气候。火灾还改变了碳固存、土壤肥力、放牧价值、生物多样性和旅游业等各种生态系统服务的提供，因此可能引发土地使用的变化。因此，必须将火灾问题纳入全球和区域对全球变化脆弱性的评估。需要对土地系统易受火灾的脆弱性有基本的了解，以便为管理和政策提供咨询意见。在评估全球变化情景下火灾状况变化的生物物理和人类后果造成的区域脆弱性时，需要采取综合办法。在这里，我们提出了一个通用的概念框架，这样的综合，多学科的研究。该框架是围绕三个相互作用（部分嵌套）的子系统，其动态有助于脆弱性。第一个子系统描述了对火灾状态（暴露）的控制。第一个反馈子系统将火灾状况与地球系统内的大气和气候动态联系起来（敏感性），而第二个反馈子系统将火灾状况的变化与生态服务的提供及其对人类系统的影响（适应性）联系起来。然后，我们简要地说明了该框架可以应用到两个区域的情况下，对比生态和人文背景：北方森林的北方美洲和非洲大草原。
Fires are critical elements in the Earth System, linking climate, humans, and vegetation. With 200-500 Mha burnt annually, fire disturbs a greater area over a wider variety of biomes than any other natural disturbance. Fire ignition, propagation, and impacts depend on the interactions among climate, vegetation structure, and land use on local to regional scales. Therefore, fires and their effects on terrestrial ecosystems are highly sensitive to global change. Fires can cause dramatic changes in the structure and functioning of ecosystems. They have significant impacts on the atmosphere and biogeochemical cycles. By contributing significantly to greenhouse gas (e.g., with the release of 1.7-4.1 Pg of carbon per year) and aerosol emissions, and modifying surface properties, they affect not only vegetation but also climate. Fires also modify the provision of a variety of ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, soil fertility, grazing value, biodiversity, and tourism, and can hence trigger land use change. Fires must therefore be included in global and regional assessments of vulnerability to global change. Fundamental understanding of vulnerability of land systems to fire is required to advise management and policy. Assessing regional vulnerabilities resulting from biophysical and human consequences of changed fire regimes under global change scenarios requires an integrated approach. Here we present a generic conceptual framework for such integrated, multidisciplinary studies. The framework is structured around three interacting (partially nested) subsystems whose dynamics contribute to vulnerability. The first subsystem describes the controls on fire regimes (exposure). A first feedback subsystem links fire regimes to atmospheric and climate dynamics within the Earth System (sensitivity), while the second feedback subsystem links changes in fire regimes to changes in the provision of ecological services and to their consequences for human systems (adaptability). We then briefly illustrate how the framework can be applied to two regional cases with contrasting ecological and human context: boreal forests of northern America and African savannahs.