Nutritional, physiological, and histological responses in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. fed diets with genetically modified maize
Nutritional, physiological, and histological responses in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. fed diets with genetically modified maize
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00465.x
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发表时间：
2007-06-01
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Sanden, M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hemre, G. -I.;Sagstad, A.;Sanden, M.
本研究的目的是评估以提高转基因玉米(GM150和300g KG(-1))水平(Event MON810((R)为淀粉来源的标准鱼粉饲料是否对大西洋鲑鱼Salmo salar L.postsmolt产生任何营养或生理上的不利影响。将转基因玉米及其近等基因亲本(非转基因玉米；NGM玉米)与Suprex玉米(参照物)进行平衡，以获得日粮中淀粉、糖和所有其他营养成分的等量。各日粮总淀粉水平为160g kg(-1)。投喂82天后，各组鱼的生长都很快，但投喂转基因玉米的鱼摄食量略低但显著低于投喂转基因玉米的鱼，其特定生长率和最终体重也略低于投喂NGM玉米的鱼，但与投喂基准饲料的鱼相比差异不显著。在本研究中，饲料转化率(FCR)、蛋白质和脂肪效率比(PER和LER)或蛋白质和脂肪生产值(PPV和LPV)没有变化。玉米类型对干物质、蛋白质和脂肪的表观消化率(ADC)无显著影响。除了天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(ASAT)值有所升高外，在所有饮食组中，大西洋鲑鱼的血液学分析和血浆营养成分都在正常范围内。高转基因玉米组的肝体指数(HSI)在1.37~1.60之间，显著高于高NGM玉米组，但与参考日粮组相比差异不显著。与NGM玉米相比，饲喂转基因玉米的小鼠脾指数(SSI)和头肾躯体指数(H-KSI)均降低，但参比处理与对照处理相当。饲喂转基因玉米的鱼远端肠体质量指数(DISI)显著高于饲喂非转基因玉米的鱼，但与对照组差异不显著。对中肠、远端肠、肝、脾和头肾的组织学评估没有显示任何与饮食相关的形态变化。中远端肠道组织匀浆中麦芽糖酶活性受饲料的影响，投喂高转基因玉米的鱼比投喂高NGM玉米的鱼具有更高的活性。亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)和碱性磷酸酶(AP)活性不受日粮影响。从高转基因玉米饲养的鱼幽门盲囊中分离的刷状边缘膜囊泡(BBMV)对钠依赖的D-葡萄糖的摄取量显著高于饲喂高NGM玉米的类似饲料的鱼。根据目前的发现，得出的结论是：大西洋鲑鱼饲养转基因玉米(Event MON810((R)、其近等基因亲本系和至上玉米(参考饲料)都能导致较高的生长速度、ADC和饲料利用率。当通过死亡率(低)来评估健康时，所有饮食组的血液和血浆参数的正常范围，除了ASAT值略有升高和器官大小的微小变化外，都被认为是好的。胃肠道葡萄糖转运机制和肠道麦芽糖酶活性的变化值得进一步研究。
The objective of this study was to evaluate whether standard fish meal diets prepared with increasing levels of genetically modified (GM; 150 and 300 g kg(-1)) maize (event MON810((R))) as a starch source, showed any nutritional or physiological adverse effects on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. postsmolt. The diets with low or high inclusions of GM maize and its near-isogenic parental line (nongenetically modified; nGM maize), were balanced with Suprex maize (Reference) to obtain compositional equivalency of diet starch, sugars and all other nutrients. Total starch level in all diets was 160 g kg(-1). After 82 days of feeding, fish growth was high in all groups, however fish fed the GM maize showed slight but significant lower feed intake, which was followed by slight but significant lower specific growth rate and final body weights, compared with fish fed nGM maize, none of the groups varied significantly from fish fed the Reference diet. There was no variation in feed conversion ratios (FCR), protein and lipid efficiency ratios (PER and LER), or protein- and lipid-productive values (PPV and LPV) in this study. No significant effect of maize type was detected on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, protein or lipid. Hematological analysis and plasma nutrients varied within normal ranges for Atlantic salmon in all diet groups, except for somewhat elevated aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) values in all groups. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) with values ranging from 1.37 to 1.60, was significantly higher for the high GM maize group compared with the high nGM maize group but not when compared with the Reference diet group. Lowered spleen (SSI) and head-kidney somatic indices (H-KSI) were registered when fed GM compared with nGM maize, the Reference treatment was however, equal to both. Distal intestine somatic index (DISI) was significantly higher for GM maize-fed fish compared with nGM maize-fed fish, but not significantly different from the Reference diet group. Histological evaluation of the mid- and distal intestine, liver, spleen and head-kidney did not reveal any diet-related morphological changes. Maltase activities in the mid- and distal intestinal tissue homogenates were affected by diet, the fish fed high GM maize having higher activities compared with high nGM maize-fed fish. Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities were not affected by diet. Sodium-dependent D-glucose uptake in brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) isolated from pyloric caeca of fish fed high GM maize was significantly higher than that found in fish fed the analogous diet with high nGM maize.Based on the present findings, the conclusions made are: Atlantic salmon smolts fed GM maize (event MON810((R))), its near-isogenic parental line and suprex maize (Reference diet), all resulted in high growth rates, ADC and feed utilization. Health, when evaluated by means of mortality (low), normal ranges of blood and plasma parameters, except somewhat elevated ASAT values and minor variations in organ sizes, were considered good in all diet groups. The changes in the glucose transport mechanism and intestinal maltase enzyme activity in the gastrointestinal tract warrant further studies.