A Study of the Techniques Used to Make Laohudong Guan Ware in China in the Southern Song Dynasty
A Study of the Techniques Used to Make Laohudong Guan Ware in China in the Southern Song Dynasty
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/arcm.12105
复制
发表时间：
2015-08
期刊：
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
N. Wood;He Li
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
N. Wood;He Li
通过对杭州老虎洞官窑残片的分析与综合，提出了一些关于官窑制作的新假说。这些结果表明，官窑釉中复杂的微观结构，以及其显着贡献玉的质量，可能是由于在釉的过程中被困的细气泡层。杭州官窑采用的多层上釉方法可能有助于掩盖官窑所使用的相对粗糙和含铁的粘土。分层上釉技术一经确立，就被用于其本身最终生产出的产品可以包含比粘土更多的釉料。本研究还探讨了原料和烧成温度，这些都表明，使用瓷石/木灰混合物的釉，与20-30%的钙质木灰是通常的量。釉烧的平均热功似乎与奥顿锥7相当，典型的完成温度为1215°C。大部分老虎洞官窑的烧成工艺可能是一次素烧和一次釉烧。对石灰质木灰制备过程中的损失进行的研究表明，老虎洞窑一定燃烧了大量的植物材料，以提供釉料。从环境的角度来看，厚釉和大量使用木灰的组合将对当地的燃料供应提出很大的要求。
Through a combination of analysis and synthesis of Laohudong Guan ware shards from Hangzhou City in southern China, some new hypotheses concerning Guan ware manufacture can be proposed. These suggest that the complex microstructures seen in Guan ware glazes, and which contribute significantly to their jade-like qualities, may owe much to layers of fine bubbles trapped during the glazing process. It is also proposed that the multi-layer glazing methods used at the Guan ware kilns at Hangzhou may have helped initially to disguise the relatively coarse and ferruginous clays used for Guan ware manufacture. Once established, the layered glazing technique was used for its own sake—eventually yielding wares that could comprise more glaze than clay. Raw materials and firing temperatures were also explored for this study, and these suggest the use of porcelain-stone/wood ash mixtures for glaze-making, with 20–30% calcareous wood ash being the usual amounts. The average heat-work for the glaze firing seems to have been equivalent to Orton Cone 7, giving a typical finishing temperature of ∼1215°C. A single biscuit firing and a single glaze firing seem likely for most Laohudong Guan wares. Studies of the losses that occur in the preparation of calcareous wood ashes suggest that very large quantities of botanic material must have been burned to provide ash for glaze-making at the Laohudong kiln. From the environmental perspective, a combination of thick glazes and heavy wood-ash usage would have placed great demands on local fuel supplies.