CREATING FALSE MEMORIES - REMEMBERING WORDS NOT PRESENTED IN LISTS
CREATING FALSE MEMORIES - REMEMBERING WORDS NOT PRESENTED IN LISTS
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DOI：
10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.803
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发表时间：
1995-07-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
MCDERMOTT, KB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
ROEDIGER, HL;MCDERMOTT, KB
两项实验（以 J. Deese 1959 年的研究为模型）揭示了列表学习范式中错误回忆和错误识别的显着水平。在实验 1 中，受试者研究了 12 个单词的列表（例如，床上、休息、清醒）；每个列表由 1 个未出现的单词（例如，睡眠）的关联组成。在立即自由回忆测试中，未在场的同事有 40% 的几率被回忆起来，并且随后以很高的置信度被识别出来。在实验2中，通过扩大列表集获得了55%的错误召回率，并且在后来的识别测试中，受试者以与命中率相当的比率对这些项目产生了错误警报。回忆的行为增强了后来对所学和未学过的材料的记忆。结果揭示了一种强大的记忆错觉：人们会记住从未发生过的事件。
Two experiments (modeled after J. Deese's 1959 study) revealed remarkable levels of false recall and false recognition in a list learning paradigm. In Experiment 1, subjects studied lists of 12 words (e.g., bed, rest, awake); each list was composed of associates of 1 nonpresented word (e.g., sleep). On immediate free recall tests, the nonpresented associates were recalled 40% of the time and were later recognized with high confidence. In Experiment 2, a false recall rate of 55% was obtained with an expanded set of lists, and on a later recognition test, subjects produced false alarms to these items at a rate comparable to the hit rate. The act of recall enhanced later remembering of both studied and nonstudied material. The results reveal a powerful illusion of memory: People remember events that never happened.