Damage Control Strategies Affecting Crop-Raiding Japanese MacaqueBehaviors in a Farming Community
Damage Control Strategies Affecting Crop-Raiding Japanese MacaqueBehaviors in a Farming Community
复制标题
影响农业社区中日本猕猴袭击农作物行为的损害控制策略
DOI：
10.1007/s10745-018-9994-x
复制
发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Takuhiko Murakami
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yosuke Ueda;Mieko Kiyono;Takanori Nagano;Shota Mochizuki;Takuhiko Murakami
近年来，日本人与野生动物的冲突愈演愈烈。2004至2014年间，动物造成了价值约200亿日元的直接农作物损失。这种破坏已导致一些农民放弃他们的土地(MAF2015)。种群控制是野猪(Sus Scrofa)、梅花鹿(Cervus Nippon)和日本猕猴(Macaca Fuscata)等中大型哺乳动物危害管理的主要方法。然而，只使用人口控制来管理日本猕猴对作物的破坏导致了一个案例，在这种情况下，以前没有袭击过农作物的部队变成了耕作部队(Izumiyama 2010)。由于物种特有的特点，除了种群管理外，还需要破坏控制机制，使部队远离人类住区，减少袭击活动(例如，使用响亮的声音或建造栅栏)(MAFF和MOE，2014)。日本猕猴表现出群集性和分散性(Thierry 2007)。当雌性日本猕猴与它们的本土群体生活在一起时，雄性猕猴在达到性成熟后离开本土群体，随后将加入另一个群体，变得孤独，或者加入完全由男性组成的群体(Nishida 1966；Yamagiwa和Hill 1998)。它们的栖息地分布在日本，从安久岛岛最南端的殖民地(北纬30‘，东经130 24’)到岛下半岛最北端的殖民地(北纬41 9‘，东经140 46’)(日本生物多样性中心，2004年)。该物种很容易适应不同的环境，一些日本猕猴生活在亚热带常绿阔叶林，另一些生活在白雪覆盖的地区(Hanya 2010)。他们的饮食根据每个栖息地可用的食物资源发生机会性的变化，并随地区(Tsuji 2010)以及季节(AgetSuma和Nakagawa 1998；Hanya 2004)而变化。当日本猕猴生活在离人很近的地方时，可用的食物资源与它们的自然栖息地不同。未在野外出现的特殊作物食物会影响它们的取食和社会行为(Saj等人。1999年)。它们的喂养策略不仅因为粮食作物的营养价值和可获得性，而且还因为它们对某些作物的依赖和农田的可获得性而改变(Muroyama，2005)。野生食物较少的地方，猕猴出现在人类住区(Yamada和Muroyama，2010年)。由于日本猕猴种群大小和对人类的恐惧程度不同，日本猕猴队伍对农作物造成损害的风险各不相同(Morino和Koike，2006)。在野外，日本猕猴部队更喜欢森林边缘，特别是边缘50米以内的区域(Imaki等人。2006)。一般来说，农耕部队更有可能袭击森林和村庄交界处森林边缘附近的农作物(Mochizuki等人)。2009年)。这些地区粮食资源的可获得性，如农作物或果树，往往会引发掠夺作物(Mochizuki等人。2013年)。一旦进入人类住区，不仅会观察到进食，而且还会观察到社会行为(例如，梳理和休息)(铃木，2004年；MAFF和MOE，2014)。
In recent years, human-wildlife conflict has intensified in Japan. Animals caused direct crop losses valued at about 20 billion Japanese yen between 2004 and 2014. This damage has caused some farmers to abandon their land (MAFF 2015). Population control is the main method of damage management for middleand large-sized mammals such as wild boar (Sus scrofa), sika deer (Cervus nippon), and Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). However, using only population control to manage crop damage by Japanese macaques has led to a case in which a troop that had not previously raided crops became a cropraiding troop (Izumiyama 2010). Damage control mechanisms that keep troops away from the human settlement and reduce raiding activities (eg, using loud sounds or building fences) are required in addition to population management because of their species-specific characteristics (MAFF and MOE 2014). Japanese macaques display grouping and dispersal (Thierry 2007). While female Japanese macaques live with their native troop, males leave their native troop after reaching sexual maturity and subsequently will join another troop, become solitary, or join an all-male troop (Nishida 1966; Yamagiwa and Hill 1998). Their habitat is widespread inJapan from the southernmost colony on Yakushima Island (30′ N, 130 24′ E) to the northernmost colony on the Shimokita Peninsula (41 9′ N, 140 46′ E)(Biodiversity Center of Japan 2004). The species readily adapts to different environments, with some Japanese macaques living in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests and others in snowcovered areas (Hanya 2010). Their diet changes opportunistically according to the available food resources in each habitat and varies by region (Tsuji 2010) as well as by season (Agetsuma and Nakagawa 1998; Hanya 2004). When Japanese macaques live close to people, available food resources are different from their natural habitats. Special crop foods that do not occur in the wild affect their feeding and social behaviors (Saj et al. 1999). Their feeding strategy is changed by not only the nutritional value and availability of food crops but also their dependence on certain crops and accessibility to farmlands (Muroyama 2005). Where less wild food available macaques appear in human settlements (Yamada and Muroyama 2010). The risk of crop damage from a Japanese macaque troop varies because of differences in their population sizes and degree of fear of humans (Morino and Koike 2006). In the wild, Japanese macaque troops prefer the forest edges, especially areas within 50 m of the edge (Imaki et al. 2006). Generally, cropraiding troops are more likely to raid crops near the forest edge at the boundaries between forests and villages (Mochizuki et al. 2009). The availability of food resources, such as crops or fruit trees, in these areas often induces crop-raiding (Mochizuki et al. 2013). Once in human settlements, not only feeding but social behavior (eg, grooming and resting) are observed (Suzuki 2004; MAFF and MOE 2014).