Raw sewage harbors diverse viral populations.
Raw sewage harbors diverse viral populations.
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未经处理的污水含有多种病毒种群。
作者：
Cantalupo PG;Calgua B;Zhao G;Hundesa A;Wier AD;Katz JP;Grabe M;Hendrix RW;Girones R;Wang D;Pipas JM
目前，已识别出约 3,000 种不同的病毒，但宏基因组研究表明，这些病毒只是自然界存在的病毒的一小部分。我们通过对从原污水中富集的病毒体种群中获得的核酸进行深度测序，探索了病毒多样性。我们发现了 234 种已知病毒，其中 17 种感染人类。还存在植物、昆虫和藻类病毒以及噬菌体。这些病毒代表 26 个分类科，包括具有单链 DNA (ssDNA)、双链 DNA (dsDNA)、正义 ssRNA [ssRNA(+)] 和 dsRNA 基因组的病毒。可以放置在特定分类群中的新型病毒代表 51 个不同的科，使未经处理的废水成为迄今为止检查的最多样化的病毒宏基因组（直接从环境样本中回收的遗传物质）。然而，绝大多数序列读数与已知病毒很少或没有序列关系，因此无法放入特定的分类群中。这些结果表明，地球上绝大多数病毒的特征尚未确定。未经处理的废水为识别新型病毒和研究病毒多样性提供了丰富的基质。重要性 目前，病毒学的重点是研究相对较少的病毒种类。对特定病毒进行研究，要么是因为它们很容易在实验室中传播，要么是因为它们与疾病相关。缺乏对病毒宇宙的大小和特征以及病毒基因组多样性的了解是理解重要问题的障碍，例如新出现的病原体的起源和病毒之间基因交换的程度。未经处理的废水是评估病毒多样性的理想系统，因为来自大量个体的病毒体种群被沉积，并且原污水本身为不同宿主物种及其病毒的生长提供了丰富的环境。这些研究表明，病毒宇宙比之前想象的要广阔和多样化得多。目前，病毒学的重点是研究相对较少的病毒种类。对特定病毒进行研究，要么是因为它们很容易在实验室中传播，要么是因为它们与疾病相关。缺乏对病毒宇宙的大小和特征以及病毒基因组多样性的了解是理解重要问题的障碍，例如新出现的病原体的起源和病毒之间基因交换的程度。未经处理的废水是评估病毒多样性的理想系统，因为来自大量个体的病毒体种群被沉积，并且原污水本身为不同宿主物种及其病毒的生长提供了丰富的环境。这些研究表明，病毒宇宙比之前想象的要广阔和多样化得多。
At this time, about 3,000 different viruses are recognized, but metagenomic studies suggest that these viruses are a small fraction of the viruses that exist in nature. We have explored viral diversity by deep sequencing nucleic acids obtained from virion populations enriched from raw sewage. We identified 234 known viruses, including 17 that infect humans. Plant, insect, and algal viruses as well as bacteriophages were also present. These viruses represented 26 taxonomic families and included viruses with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), positive-sense ssRNA [ssRNA(+)], and dsRNA genomes. Novel viruses that could be placed in specific taxa represented 51 different families, making untreated wastewater the most diverse viral metagenome (genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples) examined thus far. However, the vast majority of sequence reads bore little or no sequence relation to known viruses and thus could not be placed into specific taxa. These results show that the vast majority of the viruses on Earth have not yet been characterized. Untreated wastewater provides a rich matrix for identifying novel viruses and for studying virus diversity. Importance At this time, virology is focused on the study of a relatively small number of viral species. Specific viruses are studied either because they are easily propagated in the laboratory or because they are associated with disease. The lack of knowledge of the size and characteristics of the viral universe and the diversity of viral genomes is a roadblock to understanding important issues, such as the origin of emerging pathogens and the extent of gene exchange among viruses. Untreated wastewater is an ideal system for assessing viral diversity because virion populations from large numbers of individuals are deposited and because raw sewage itself provides a rich environment for the growth of diverse host species and thus their viruses. These studies suggest that the viral universe is far more vast and diverse than previously suspected. At this time, virology is focused on the study of a relatively small number of viral species. Specific viruses are studied either because they are easily propagated in the laboratory or because they are associated with disease. The lack of knowledge of the size and characteristics of the viral universe and the diversity of viral genomes is a roadblock to understanding important issues, such as the origin of emerging pathogens and the extent of gene exchange among viruses. Untreated wastewater is an ideal system for assessing viral diversity because virion populations from large numbers of individuals are deposited and because raw sewage itself provides a rich environment for the growth of diverse host species and thus their viruses. These studies suggest that the viral universe is far more vast and diverse than previously suspected.