Daily Snacking Occasions, Snack Size, and Snack Energy Density as Predictors of Diet Quality among US Children Aged 2 to 5 Years
Daily Snacking Occasions, Snack Size, and Snack Energy Density as Predictors of Diet Quality among US Children Aged 2 to 5 Years
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DOI：
10.3390/nu11071440
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发表时间：
2019-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.9
通讯作者：
Fisher, Jennifer Orlet
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kachurak, Alexandria;Bailey, Regan L.;Fisher, Jennifer Orlet
零食是否能帮助幼儿满足营养需求，或者只是导致摄入过多，这一点还存在争议。本研究在2005-2016年全国健康检查调查（NHANES）中评估了美国学龄前儿童（2至5岁，n = 4217）吃零食与饮食质量的关系。吃零食的时间、大小和能量密度（ED）是通过两次24小时的饮食回顾来估计的。饮食质量指标包括2015年健康饮食指数（HEI-2015, 0-100），五种缺乏营养素（维生素D、钙、纤维、钾和铁）的平均充足率（MAR, 0-100），以及添加糖、饱和脂肪和钠的推荐限量的平均百分比。线性回归包括零食参数、人口统计和饮食报告准确性。儿童的平均HEI-2015为53.0，MAR为67.7，营养摄入量为限制的121.4%。每日零食次数与HEI-2015得分呈正相关，而平均零食大小和ED与HEI-2015和MAR得分呈负相关（均p < 0.05）。零食ED与每日添加糖、饱和脂肪和钠的摄入量呈正相关（p < 0.001）。这些具有全国代表性的研究结果表明，在美国学龄前儿童中，更频繁、更小、更低能量密度的零食与更高的饮食质量有关。
Whether snacks help young children meet nutritional needs or merely contribute to excessive intakes is debated. This research evaluated associations of snacking with dietary quality among US preschoolers (two to five years, n = 4217) in the 2005-2016 National Health Examination Survey (NHANES). Snacking occasions, size, and energy density (ED) were estimated from two 24-hr dietary recalls. Diet quality indices included the 2015 Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015, 0-100), the mean adequacy ratio (MAR, 0-100) for five shortfall nutrients (vitamin D, calcium, fiber, potassium, and iron), and the mean % of recommended limits for added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium. Linear regressions included snacking parameters, demographics, and dietary reporting accuracy. Children had a mean HEI-2015 of 53.0, a MAR of 67.7, and intake of 121.4% of nutrients to limit. Daily snacking occasions were positively associated with HEI-2015 scores, whereas mean snack size and ED were negatively associated with HEI-2015 and MAR scores (all p < 0.05). Snack ED was positively associated with daily intakes of added sugar, saturated fat, and sodium (p < 0.001). These nationally representative findings reveal that more frequent, smaller, and less energy-dense snacks are associated with higher diet quality among US preschoolers.