Variability in post-error behavioral adjustment is associated with functional abnormalities in the temporal cortex in children with ADHD.
Variability in post-error behavioral adjustment is associated with functional abnormalities in the temporal cortex in children with ADHD.
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02356.x
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发表时间：
2011-07
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Mostofsky SH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Spinelli S;Vasa RA;Joel S;Nelson TE;Pekar JJ;Mostofsky SH
错误处理在行为上反映为错误发生后（错误后）试验中的反应时间 (RT) 变慢。患有注意力缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 的儿童未能表现出 RT 减慢，并且在错误后试验中表现出受试者内变异性 (ISV) 增加。这些行为缺陷的神经相关性仍不清楚。背侧前扣带皮层（ACC）和外侧前额叶皮层（PFC）是涉及错误处理和随后行为调整的关键区域。我们假设，与典型发育（TD）对照相比，患有 ADHD 的儿童在错误后（相对于正确抑制后）试验期间会表现出 PFC 激活减少，并且在错误（相对于正确抑制）试验期间表现出 dACC 激活减少。使用功能磁共振成像和 Go/No-Go 任务，我们分析了 13 名 ADHD 儿童和 17 名 TD 儿童的错误处理的神经相关性。在行为上，与对照组相比，患有 ADHD 的儿童表现出类似的 RT 减慢，但 ISV 增加。误差后对比显示，与对照组相比，ADHD 儿童的中/下颞叶皮层 (TempC)、ACC/辅助运动区 (SMA) 和体感/听觉皮层 (AudC) 的 BOLD 信号相对增加。重要的是，在 ADHD 组中，错误后颞叶皮层活动的增加与 ISV 的降低相关。在错误（与正确抑制）试验中，没有检测到组间差异。然而，在患有 ADHD 的儿童中，较低的 ISV 与岛叶减少和中央前回活动增加有关。在患有 ADHD 的儿童中，错误后神经活动首先表明注意力转向与任务无关的刺激 (AudC)，其次表明招募补偿区域来解决刺激冲突 (TempC) 并改善反应选择/执行 (ACC/SMA)。颞叶皮层激活程度较高的多动症儿童的 ISV 较低，这表明代偿性颞区的功能异常导致变异性增加。此外，ISV 的增加可能与 ADHD 错误试验期间对负面结果的过度敏感有关（岛叶相关性）。
Error processing is reflected, behaviorally, by slower reaction times (RT) on trials immediately following an error (post-error). Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) fail to show RT slowing and demonstrate increased intra-subject variability (ISV) on post-error trials. The neural correlates of these behavioral deficits remain unclear. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) are key regions implicated in error processing and subsequent behavioral adjustment. We hypothesized that children with ADHD, compared to typically developing (TD) controls, would exhibit reduced PFC activation during post-error (versus post-correct inhibition) trials and reduced dACC activation during error (versus correct inhibition) trials. Using fMRI and a Go/No-Go task, we analyzed the neural correlates of error processing in 13 children with ADHD and 17 TD children. Behaviorally, children with ADHD showed similar RT slowing but increased ISV compared to controls. The post-error contrast revealed a relative increase in BOLD signal in the middle/inferior temporal cortex (TempC), the ACC/supplementary motor area (SMA) and the somatosensory/auditory cortex (AudC) in children with ADHD compared to controls. Importantly, in the ADHD group, increased post-error temporal cortex activity was associated with lower ISV. During error (versus correct inhibition) trials, no between group differences were detected. However, in children with ADHD lower ISV was associated with decreased insula and increased precentral gyrus activity. In children with ADHD, post-error neural activity suggests first, a shift of attention towards task-irrelevant stimuli (AudC) and second, a recruitment of compensatory regions that resolve stimulus conflict (TempC) and improve response selection/execution (ACC/SMA). ADHD children with higher temporal cortex activation showed lower ISV, suggesting that functional abnormalities in the compensatory temporal regions contribute to increased variability. Moreover, increased ISV may be related to an over-sensitivity to negative outcomes during error trials in ADHD (insula correlation).
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