Restoration of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on Agricultural Land
Restoration of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on Agricultural Land
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DOI：
10.1007/s10021-012-9552-0
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发表时间：
2012-05
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
J. R. Rey Benayas;J. Bullock
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. R. Rey Benayas;J. Bullock
耕种和种植是世界各地自然生态系统破坏和退化的主要原因。我们面临的挑战是，在维持供应服务的同时，保护或加强农业景观中的其他生态系统服务和生物多样性。在两类干预措施中有各种各样的可能性，即“土地共享”和“土地分离”;前者主张改善耕作环境，而后者则主张将指定用于耕作的土地与指定用于养护的土地分开。土地分享可能涉及基于生物多样性的农业做法，学习传统耕作，从传统农业转变为有机农业，从“简单”作物和牧场转变为农林系统，恢复或创造有利于野生生物和特定服务的具体要素，而不减少农业生产。在农田背景下的土地分离涉及恢复或创造非农田栖息地，以牺牲农田水平的农业生产为代价，例如，在耕地上的林地。通过土地共享进行的恢复有可能在农田和景观两个层面上提高农业生产、其他生态系统服务和生物多样性;但是，通过土地隔离进行的恢复只能在景观层面上提供这些惠益。虽然最近的辩论对比了这些方法，我们建议他们应该结合使用，以最大限度地提高效益。此外，我们建议“林地岛屿”，土地撂荒和农田造林之间的中间途径，在广泛的农业景观生态恢复。这种方法可以协调农田生产，保护与文化景观相关的价值，增强生物多样性，并提供一系列生态系统服务。除了学术研究之外，如果我们想阻止环境退化和生物多样性丧失，农业景观中的恢复项目至关重要。
Cultivation and cropping are major causes of destruction and degradation of natural ecosystems throughout the world. We face the challenge of maintaining provisioning services while conserving or enhancing other ecosystem services and biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. There is a range of possibilities within two types of intervention, namely “land sharing” and “land separation”; the former advocates the enhancement of the farmed environment, but the latter a separation between land designated for farming versus conservation. Land sharing may involve biodiversity-based agricultural practices, learning from traditional farming, changing from conventional to organic agriculture and from “simple” crops and pastures to agro-forestry systems, and restoring or creating specific elements to benefit wildlife and particular services without decreasing agricultural production. Land separation in the farmland context involves restoring or creating non-farmland habitat at the expense of field-level agricultural production—for example, woodland on arable land. Restoration by land sharing has the potential to enhance agricultural production, other ecosystem services and biodiversity at both the field and landscape scale; however, restoration by land separation would provide these benefits only at the landscape scale. Although recent debate has contrasted these approaches, we suggest they should be used in combination to maximize benefits. Furthermore, we suggest “woodland islets”, an intermediate approach between land abandonment and farmland afforestation, for ecological restoration in extensive agricultural landscapes. This approach allows reconciliation of farmland production, conservation of values linked to cultural landscapes, enhancement of biodiversity, and provision of a range of ecosystem services. Beyond academic research, restoration projects within agricultural landscapes are essential if we want to halt environmental degradation and biodiversity loss.