Concurrent and simultaneous polydrug use among young Swiss males: use patterns and associations of number of substances used with health issues.
Concurrent and simultaneous polydrug use among young Swiss males: use patterns and associations of number of substances used with health issues.
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DOI：
10.1515/ijamh-2013-0305
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发表时间：
2014-01-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Gmel, Gerhard
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Baggio, Stephanie;Studer, Joseph;Gmel, Gerhard
背景：同时使用多种药物（SPU）可能比同时使用多种药物（CPU）对人类健康带来更大的增量风险因素。然而，很少有研究考察这些与健康问题相关的使用模式，特别是所用药物的数量。 方法：在本研究中，我们分析了药物使用风险因素队列研究中 5734 名瑞士年轻男性的代表性样本的数据。通过回归分析研究了药物暴露（即酒精、烟草、大麻和 15 种其他非法药物）以及精神、社会和身体因素。 结果：我们发现参与 CPU 和 SPU 的个体遵循已知的药物使用阶段，包括最初使用合法药物（例如酒精和烟草），然后使用大麻，然后使用其他非法药物。在这方面，确定了两类非法药物，包括第一类毒品、致幻剂和嗅吸毒品；然后是“更难”的药物（氯胺酮、海洛因和冰毒），这些药物只有已经服用大量药物的多种药物使用者才会消费。此外，我们观察到同时使用的药物数量与社会问题（即社会后果和攻击性）之间存在关联。事实上，参与者同时使用物质的频率越高，他们就越有可能遇到社会问题。相比之下，我们没有发现 SPU 与抑郁、焦虑、健康后果或健康之间有任何关系。 结论：我们发现了一些与 SPU 无关的独立于 CPU 的关联。此外，我们发现同时使用药物的数量可能是与精神和身体健康相关的一个重要因素，尽管同时使用药物可能不会显着促进这种关联。最后，与使用一种物质相关的负面影响可以通过使用另一种物质来抵消。
BACKGROUND: Simultaneous polydrug use (SPU) may represent a greater incremental risk factor for human health than concurrent polydrug use (CPU). However, few studies have examined these patterns of use in relation to health issues, particularly with regard to the number of drugs used.METHODS: In the present study, we have analyzed data from a representative sample of 5734 young Swiss males from the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors. Exposure to drugs (i.e., alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and 15 other illicit drugs), as well as mental, social and physical factors, were studied through regression analysis.RESULTS: We found that individuals engaging in CPU and SPU followed the known stages of drug use, involving initial experiences with licit drugs (e.g., alcohol and tobacco), followed by use of cannabis and then other illicit drugs. In this regard, two classes of illicit drugs were identified, including first uppers, hallucinogens and sniffed drugs; and then "harder" drugs (ketamine, heroin, and crystal meth), which were only consumed by polydrug users who were already taking numerous drugs. Moreover, we observed an association between the number of drugs used simultaneously and social issues (i.e., social consequences and aggressiveness). In fact, the more often the participants simultaneously used substances, the more likely they were to experience social problems. In contrast, we did not find any relationship between SPU and depression, anxiety, health consequences, or health.CONCLUSIONS: We identified some associations with SPU that were independent of CPU. Moreover, we found that the number of concurrently used drugs can be a strong factor associated with mental and physical health, although their simultaneous use may not significantly contribute to this association. Finally, the negative effects related to the use of one substance might be counteracted by the use of an additional substance.