Pine Wilt Disease in Japan
Pine Wilt Disease in Japan
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日本的松树枯萎病
DOI：
10.1163/9789047413097_006
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发表时间：
2004
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
P. Vieira
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Y. Mamiya;M. Mota;P. Vieira
由松材线虫松材线虫引起的松材线虫病在日本各地普遍存在，但最北端的两个县除外。该病每年造成数以百万计的松树(赤松、松树和卢竹松树)死亡，每年木材损失高达100万立方米。1970年代木材损失量的大幅增加导致1979年损失240万立方米。亏损增加可能是由多种原因造成的。国家的经济和社会发展导致对松木的需求发生了巨大变化。因此，控制疾病的努力被忽视，枯死的树木留在森林中，导致感染源和媒介松墨天牛种群的增加。自1975年以来，这种疾病已经蔓延到日本北部。由引入感染线虫的松树原木引起的离岛感染是无病地区发生疾病的常见原因。在像九州这样的温暖地区，这种疾病于20世纪初首先在日本发生，这种疾病摧毁了许多松林，在大多数情况下，它们被阔叶树的天然森林所取代。在受灾严重的地区，鼓励松林退耕还林，使森林资源保持在适宜的水平，保持森林涵养土地的功能。在松材线虫侵染的初级阶段，应继续在北方地区的松林和其他在保护海岸线、防止自然灾害和维护美学价值方面发挥重要公共利益的指定松林中继续控制松材线虫病。松材线虫引起的松材线虫病对日本松林构成极大的威胁。它的流行传播和破坏是如此迅速和严重，到目前为止，这种疾病已经摧毁了大面积的松林(Mamiya，1988)。自从1905年在九州长崎首次发生松材线虫病(矢野，1913年)以来，这种毁灭性的流行病已经蔓延到日本各地，最北端的两个县青森县和北海道除外，共有47个县。它对最常见的本土松树造成了严重的破坏，
Pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is widespread throughout Japan except for the two northernmost prefectures. The disease has caused the death of millions of pine trees (Pinus densijlora, P thunhergii and P luchuensis) every year, and an annual loss in timber of as much as I million m3. The enormous increase in timber loss in the 1970s resulted in a loss of 2.4 million m3 in 1979. This increased loss might be due to a number of reasons. The nation's economic and social development has led to drastic changes in the demand for pine timber. Consequently, attempts to control the disease were neglected, and dead trees left in the forests, resulting in an increase in the sources of infection and of vector, Monochamus alternatus, populations. Since 1975 the disease has spread to northern Japan. Outlying infection, resulting from the introduction of nematode-infected pine logs, is a common cause of disease occurrence in disease free areas. In warm areas such as Kyushu, where the disease occurred first in Japan in the early 20th century, the disease has destroyed many pine stands and, in most cases, they have been replaced with natural forests of broadleaved trees. In heavily damaged areas, conversion of pine forests to other tree species will be encouraged in order to keep the forest resources at a desirable level and to maintain the function of forests in land conservation. Efforts should continue to control the disease in pine forests at a primary stage of infestation in the northern regions, and other specified pine forests which play an important role for the public benefit in protecting coastline, preventing natural disaster and sustaining the aesthetic value.The pine wilt disease induced by the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a great threat to pine forests in Japan. Its epidemic spread and damage is so rapid and serious that pine forests over a large area have been destroyed by the disease so far (Mamiya, 1988). Since the first occurrence of pine wilt disease in Nagasaki, Kyushu, in 1905 (Yano, 1913), this devastating epidemic has spread throughout Japan except for the two northernmost prefectures, Aomori and Hokkaido, out of 47 prefectures. It has caused serious damage to the most common native pines,