Twelve-month-old infants recognize that speech can communicate unobservable intentions
Twelve-month-old infants recognize that speech can communicate unobservable intentions
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1121057109
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发表时间：
2012-08-07
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Pogue, Amanda
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Vouloumanos, Athena;Onishi, Kristine H.;Pogue, Amanda
我们的许多知识不是从直接经验中获得的，而是通过别人的语言获得的。语音可以快速有效地传递信息，否则无法直接观察到。婴儿是否认识到，即使是不熟悉的语言，也可以传达世界上一个无法直接观察到的重要方面：一个人的意图？10个月奥尔兹看到一个人（婴儿）试图完成一个目标动作（在漏斗上叠一个环），但没有成功。随后，这名受试者将言语或非言语的发声引导给另一个没有观察到这些尝试的人（受试者）。患者成功堆叠环（预期结局）、尝试堆叠环但失败（可观察结局）或执行不同的堆叠操作（相关结局）。婴儿认识到，言语可以传达不可观察的意图，在可观察和相关的结果比预期的结果更长的时间时，使用的言语。然而，当被试使用非言语时，婴儿对这三种结果的看法是一样的。因此，对于12个月大的婴儿来说，言语可以传递关于世界上不可观察的方面的信息，例如内部心理状态，这为前语言婴儿提供了一种获取即时经验之外的信息的工具。
Much of our knowledge is acquired not from direct experience but through the speech of others. Speech allows rapid and efficient transfer of information that is otherwise not directly observable. Do infants recognize that speech, even if unfamiliar, can communicate about an important aspect of the world that cannot be directly observed: a person's intentions? Twelve-month-olds saw a person (the Communicator) attempt but fail to achieve a target action (stacking a ring on a funnel). The Communicator subsequently directed either speech or a nonspeech vocalization to another person (the Recipient) who had not observed the attempts. The Recipient either successfully stacked the ring (Intended outcome), attempted but failed to stack the ring (Observable outcome), or performed a different stacking action (Related outcome). Infants recognized that speech could communicate about unobservable intentions, looking longer at Observable and Related outcomes than the Intended outcome when the Communicator used speech. However, when the Communicator used nonspeech, infants looked equally at the three outcomes. Thus, for 12-month-olds, speech can transfer information about unobservable aspects of the world such as internal mental states, which provides preverbal infants with a tool for acquiring information beyond their immediate experience.