Industrial applications of alkaliphiles and their enzymes - past, present and future
Industrial applications of alkaliphiles and their enzymes - past, present and future
复制标题
DOI：
10.1080/09593331003762807
复制
发表时间：
2010-01-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Fujisawa, Makoto
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fujinami, Shun;Fujisawa, Makoto
嗜碱菌是可以在碱性环境（即pH 9.0）中生长的微生物。它们的酶，特别是胞外酶，能够在高碱性pH值下发挥其催化活性，因为它们在这些条件下具有稳定性。蛋白酶是蛋白质降解酶，是工业上生产最多的酶之一。在蛋白酶中，碱性蛋白酶是生产最多的，它被添加到一些洗涤剂中。其它碱性酶，例如碱性纤维素酶、碱性淀粉酶和碱性脂肪酶，也是用于改善清洁效率的洗涤剂的替代物。与中性酶相比，碱性酶通常在宽pH范围内显示活性、热稳定性和对氧化剂的耐受性。嗜碱芽孢杆菌是嗜碱微生物中最具特征的一类。它们产生如此多的细胞外碱性适应酶，以至于它们通常是工业酶的良好来源。耐碱性芽孢杆菌C-125是一株专利菌株，其全基因组序列首次被测定。此外，随着嗜碱芽孢杆菌全基因组序列和蛋白质结构分析的不断深入，基因工程技术的发展和生理分析的深入，将有助于揭示嗜碱芽孢杆菌的碱性适应机制及其酶功能的结构基础。这些信息为新的应用开辟了可能性。在本文中，我们描述，首先，环境适应的生理学，然后酶和微生物本身在嗜碱芽孢杆菌中的应用。
Alkaliphiles are microorganisms that can grow in alkaline environments, i.e. pH 9.0. Their enzymes, especially extracellular enzymes, are able to function in their catalytic activities under high alkaline pH values because of their stability under these conditions. Proteases, protein degrading enzymes, are one of the most produced enzymes in industry. Among proteases, alkaline proteases, which are added to some detergents, are the most produced. Other alkaline enzymes, e.g. alkaline cellulases, alkaline amylases, and alkaline lipases, are also adjuncts to detergents for improving cleaning efficiency. Alkaline enzymes often show activities in a broad pH range, thermostability, and tolerance to oxidants compared to neutral enzymes. Alkaliphilic Bacillus species are the most characterized organisms among alkaliphiles. They produce so many extracellular alkaline-adapted enzymes that they are often good sources for industrial enzymes. As a patent strain, the whole genome sequence of alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans C-125 has been sequenced for the first time. In addition, an increasing number of whole genomic sequences and structural analyses of proteins in alkaliphiles, development of genetic engineering techniques and physiological analyses will reveal the alkaline adaptation mechanisms of alkaliphilic Bacillus species and the structural basis of their enzymatic functions. This information opens up the possibility of new applications. In this paper we describe, first, the physiologies of environmental adaptations, and then the applications of enzymes and microorganisms themselves in alkaliphilic Bacillus species.