Life-history trade-offs favour the evolution of animal personalities
Life-history trade-offs favour the evolution of animal personalities
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DOI：
10.1038/nature05835
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发表时间：
2007-05-31
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Weissing, Franz J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wolf, Max;van Doorn, G. Sander;Weissing, Franz J.
近年来，越来越多的证据表明，人格不仅存在于人类（1），而且存在于许多其他动物物种（2-8）。个体的行为倾向始终不同，一种情况下的行为与多种其他情况下的行为相关。从适应性的角度来看，动物个性的进化仍然是一个谜，因为更灵活的行为结构应该提供选择优势（9-11）。因此，许多研究者认为人格是由行为结构所施加的约束所导致的（参见参考文献12）。相反，我们在这里表明，动物的个性可以得到一个适应性的解释。我们的论点是基于这样的见解，即当前和未来繁殖之间的权衡（13）往往导致多态种群（14），其中一些个体比其他个体更重视未来的适应性回报。生活史理论预测，健康期望的这种差异应该导致冒险行为的系统差异（15）。对未来期望高的人（他们有很多损失）应该比期望低的人更厌恶风险。这适用于各种风险情况，因此个人的行为应该始终如一地有所不同。通过一个进化模型，我们证明了这一基本原则导致了动物个性的进化。它同时解释了行为类型的共存，行为的一致性，通过时间和跨环境的行为相关性的结构。此外，它解释了一个共同的发现，即探索行为和与风险相关的特征，如大胆和侵略性是动物个性的共同特征（2-8）。
In recent years evidence has been accumulating that personalities are not only found in humans(1) but also in a wide range of other animal species(2-8). Individuals differ consistently in their behavioural tendencies and the behaviour in one context is correlated with the behaviour in multiple other contexts. From an adaptive perspective, the evolution of animal personalities is still a mystery, because a more flexible structure of behaviour should provide a selective advantage(9-11). Accordingly, many researchers view personalities as resulting from constraints imposed by the architecture of behaviour(7) (but see ref. 12). In contrast, we show here that animal personalities can be given an adaptive explanation. Our argument is based on the insight that the trade-off between current and future reproduction(13) often results in polymorphic populations(14) in which some individuals put more emphasis on future fitness returns than others. Life-history theory predicts that such differences in fitness expectations should result in systematic differences in risk-taking behaviour(15). Individuals with high future expectations (who have much to lose) should be more risk-averse than individuals with low expectations. This applies to all kinds of risky situations, so individuals should consistently differ in their behaviour. By means of an evolutionary model we demonstrate that this basic principle results in the evolution of animal personalities. It simultaneously explains the coexistence of behavioural types, the consistency of behaviour through time and the structure of behavioural correlations across contexts. Moreover, it explains the common finding that explorative behaviour and risk-related traits like boldness and aggressiveness are common characteristics of animal personalities(2-8).