[Origin of Hakka and Hakkanese: a genetics analysis].
[Origin of Hakka and Hakkanese: a genetics analysis].
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发表时间：
2003-09
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通讯作者：
Hui Li;Wuyun Pan;B. Wen;Ningning Yang;Jian-Zhong Jin;Li Jin;D. Lu
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作者：
Hui Li;Wuyun Pan;B. Wen;Ningning Yang;Jian-Zhong Jin;Li Jin;D. Lu
客家人是南方中国地区一个独特的汉族群体，讲客家话。客家人的起源一直备受争议。本文对148名客家人男性进行了Y染色体标记分析。Y-SNP单倍型分布的主成分分析表明，中国北部的客家人与汉族有较强的聚集性，也与苗语的畲族接近，而南方汉族总体上与傣族比较接近。混合分析表明，客家人的相对遗传贡献率为80.2%(汉族)、13%(策族)和6.8%(甘族)。所有相关人群中M7个体的Y-STR单倍型网络提示客家苗族贡献有两个可能的来源：一个来自湖北，一个来自广州。客家的Kam贡献很可能来自江西江西古老的原住民Kan-yue。客家人线粒体DNA V区9bp缺失率为19.7%，与客家人比较接近，但与汉族人群相差较远。因此，我们得出结论，从基因上讲，客家人基因库的大部分来自北方汉族，在所有非汉族群体中，她们的贡献最大。客家人的遗传结构表明，客家人的核心可能是古代的苗族--金曼。我们假设，大批来自北中国的汉人陆续加入这一群体。客家话等南方方言最初也可能是南方原住民的语言，在北方汉语的延续作用下逐渐出现。
Hakka is a distinctive Han Chinese population in Southern China speaking Hakkanese. The origin of Hakka has been controversial. In this report, we analyzed Y chromosomal markers in 148 Hakka males. Principle component analysis of Y-SNP haplotype distribution shows Hakka is clusteed strongly with the Han in Northern China, and is also close to She, a Hmong-Mien-speaking population, while the general Southern Han is fairly close to Daic populations. Admixture analysis revealed that the relative genetic contribution 80.2% (Han), 13% (She) and 6.8% (Kam) in Hakka. The network of Y-STR haplotype of M7 individuals in all concerned populations suggested two possible origins of Hmong-Mien contribution in Hakka: One is from Hubei and the other is from Canton. The Kam contribution in Hakka is likely from Kan-Yue, the ancient aborigine of Kiangsi (Jiangxi). The frequency of 9bp-deletion in Region V of mitochondrial DNA of Hakka is 19.7%, which is quite close to She but far from Han. We therefore concluded that genetically the majority of Hakka gene pool shall come from North Han with She contributing the most among all non-Han groups. Regarding the Hmong-Mien character of Hakkanese, the genetic structure of Hakka shows their core may be Kim-man, the ancient Hmong-Mien. We hypothesized that a great number of Han people from North China join this population in succession. Southern Chinese dialects, such as Hakkanese may also be those languages of Southern aborigines at first, and turn to extant appearance under the continuance effect of Northern Chinese.