A review of open source ventilators for COVID-19 and future pandemics.
A review of open source ventilators for COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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DOI：
10.12688/f1000research.22942.1
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发表时间：
2020-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Pearce, Joshua M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Pearce, Joshua M
2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）有可能在区域层面上压倒我们的医疗基础设施，导致死亡率飙升，因为关键设备（如呼吸机）短缺。幸运的是，随着RepRap-class 3D打印机和开源微控制器等小规模制造技术的发展和广泛部署，大规模分布式制造的冰箱有可能克服医疗供应短缺。在这项研究中，在提供了一个背景下，对学术文献进行了审查，以找到现有的和已经公开发表的，审查设计的制冷系统。对这些文章进行分析，以确定设计在精神（许可证）和实际细节（例如，拥有可访问的设计源文件、物料清单、组装说明、接线图、固件和软件以及操作和校准说明）方面是否是开源的。接下来，现有的互联网和灰色文献进行审查的开源呼吸机项目和设计。这次审查的结果发现，经过测试和同行审查的系统缺乏完整的文件，而有文件记录的开放系统要么处于设计的早期阶段（有时甚至没有原型），要么基本上只经过基本测试（如果有的话）。由于大流行病的持续存在，这些项目将获得更多的关注和资源，以取得重大进展，建立一个功能齐全、易于复制的系统。未来还需要大量的工作来将开源的制冷机提升到科学级设备的水平，甚至需要进一步的工作来达到医疗级硬件。未来的工作需要通过制定政策，更新法规和确保资金机制来实现这种方法的潜力，以开发和测试用于当前COVID 19大流行病和未来大流行病以及在低资源环境中日常使用的开源疫苗。
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) threatens to overwhelm our medical infrastructure at the regional level causing spikes in mortality rates because of shortages of critical equipment, like ventilators. Fortunately, with the recent development and widespread deployment of small-scale manufacturing technologies like RepRap-class 3-D printers and open source microcontrollers, mass distributed manufacturing of ventilators has the potential to overcome medical supply shortages. In this study, after providing a background on ventilators, the academic literature is reviewed to find the existing and already openly-published, vetted designs for ventilators systems. These articles are analyzed to determine if the designs are open source both in spirit (license) as well as practical details (e.g. possessing accessible design source files, bill of materials, assembly instructions, wiring diagrams, firmware and software as well as operation and calibration instructions). Next, the existing Internet and gray literature are reviewed for open source ventilator projects and designs. The results of this review found that the tested and peer-reviewed systems lacked complete documentation and the open systems that were documented were either at the very early stages of design (sometimes without even a prototype) and were essentially only basically tested (if at all). With the considerably larger motivation of an ongoing pandemic, it is assumed these projects will garner greater attention and resources to make significant progress to reach a functional and easily-replicated system. There is a large amount of future work needed to move open source ventilators up to the level considered scientific-grade equipment, and even further work needed to reach medical-grade hardware. Future work is needed to achieve the potential of this approach by developing policies, updating regulations, and securing funding mechanisms for the development and testing of open source ventilators for both the current COVID19 pandemic as well as for future pandemics and for everyday use in low-resource settings.