From "Nazi Cows" to Cosmopolitan "Ecological Engineers": Specifying Rewilding Through a History of Heck Cattle
From "Nazi Cows" to Cosmopolitan "Ecological Engineers": Specifying Rewilding Through a History of Heck Cattle
复制标题
从“纳粹奶牛”到国际化的“生态工程师”：通过赫克牛的历史来明确野化
DOI：
10.1080/00045608.2015.1115332
复制
发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Lorimer J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lorimer J
野化已成为自然保护的热门话题。复兴欧洲大陆和北美的雄心勃勃的计划正在进行中。人们对未来荒野的政治、经济和治疗潜力寄予希望。然而，对野生动物的大众和科学热情往往是非历史性的，也是非政治性的。本文开始解决这个问题。它提供了一个谱系的野化，重点是赫克牛的历史和他们在欧洲野化项目的部署。这些动物在20世纪30年代由两名德国动物学家在纳粹的赞助下进行了人工繁殖，作为狩猎猎物被释放到被吞并的东欧领土上。一些牛在战争中幸存下来，它们的后代在当代重建统一欧洲的努力中变得突出，同时也有新的育种计划。牛现在被视为世界性的生态工程师，它们的放牧将创造出功能性的野生景观。这个家谱研究了什么和在哪里被理解为野生的，以及谁被授权在这个故事中做出这样的决定。谨慎地借鉴这个极端的例子，它考察了作为一种形式的反动现代主义的历史野化。它批判性地追溯了欧洲各种野生本体论、地理学和认识论的出现、持续和转变，将当代的野生化定位为生态现代主义的一种模式。比较起来，纳粹统治下的野化和当代欧洲联盟的野化在每个相关的问题方面都是不同的。反思关于现代意义的不同概念有助于明确过去和现在的多种荒野。最后，本文提出了一套区分野化的标准，以说明这种保护范式的出现和分析。
Rewilding has become a hot topic in nature conservation. Ambitious schemes are afoot to rewild continental Europe and North America. Hopes are being invested in the political, economic, and therapeutic potentials of future wilds. Popular and scientific enthusiasms for the wild are frequently ahistorical and apolitical, however. This article begins to address this problem. It offers one genealogy of rewilding, focusing on a history of Heck cattle and their deployment in European rewilding projects. These animals were back-bred by two German zoologists in the 1930s, with Nazi patronage, for release as hunting prey in the annexed territories of Eastern Europe. Some cattle survived the war and their offspring have become prominent, alongside new back-breeding initiatives, in contemporary efforts to rewild a unifying Europe. Cattle now figure as cosmopolitan ecological engineers, whose grazing will create functional, wild landscapes. This genealogy examines what and where is understood to be wild and who is authorized to make such decisions in this story. Drawing cautiously on this extreme example, it examines historic rewilding as a form of reactionary modernism. It critically traces the emergence, persistence, and transformation of various ontologies, geographies, and epistemologies of wildness in Europe to position contemporary rewilding as a mode of ecomodernism. When compared, rewilding under Nazi rule and in the contemporary European Union are found to be different in every relevant problematic respect. Reflecting on differing conceptions of what it means to be modern helps specify a multiplicity of rewildings past and present. The article concludes with a set of criteria for discriminating among rewildings to inform the emergence and analysis of this conservation paradigm.