Surveillance and System Avoidance: Criminal Justice Contact and Institutional Attachment
Surveillance and System Avoidance: Criminal Justice Contact and Institutional Attachment
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DOI：
10.1177/0003122414530398
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发表时间：
2014-06-01
影响因子：
9.1
通讯作者：
Brayne, Sarah
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Brayne, Sarah
在过去四十年中，美国刑事司法监视的程度和范围急剧增加。最近的定性研究表明，监控的增加可能伴随着逃避监控的努力的增加。然而，到目前为止，还没有对这一理论进行定量的实证检验。在这篇文章中，我介绍了“系统回避”的概念，即与刑事司法系统有过接触的个人避开保存正式记录的监督机构。使用Add Health （n = 15,170）和NLSY97 （n = 8,894）的数据，我发现被警察拦下、逮捕、定罪或监禁的个人与监控机构（包括医疗、金融、劳动力市场和教育机构）的互动可能性低于没有刑事司法接触的人。相比之下，与刑事司法有联系的个人参与公民或宗教机构的可能性并不低。由于刑事司法接触的分布不成比例，本研究表明，系统回避是刑事司法系统促成社会分层的一种潜在机制：它使已经被边缘化的亚群体脱离了对制止犯罪和融入更广泛的社会至关重要的机构。
The degree and scope of criminal justice surveillance increased dramatically in the United States over the past four decades. Recent qualitative research suggests the rise in surveillance may be met with a concomitant increase in efforts to evade it. To date, however, there has been no quantitative empirical test of this theory. In this article, I introduce the concept of "system avoidance," whereby individuals who have had contact with the criminal justice system avoid surveilling institutions that keep formal records. Using data from Add Health (n = 15,170) and the NLSY97 (n = 8,894), I find that individuals who have been stopped by police, arrested, convicted, or incarcerated are less likely to interact with surveilling institutions, including medical, financial, labor market, and educational institutions, than their counterparts who have not had criminal justice contact. By contrast, individuals with criminal justice contact are no less likely to participate in civic or religious institutions. Because criminal justice contact is disproportionately distributed, this study suggests system avoidance is a potential mechanism through which the criminal justice system contributes to social stratification: it severs an already marginalized subpopulation from institutions that are pivotal to desistance from crime and their own integration into broader society.